* Lymphocytes can provide specific defense because they recognize foreign invaders. * How lymphocytes recognize pathogens: * Has unique receptor proteins all over the surface of its cell membrane * These receptor proteins recognize and bind to antigens that match their three-dimensional shape * All of the receptors on an individual lymphocyte are the same shape or type and thus bind to the same type of antigens. * Body makes a
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Function of the Skeletal System 1. Support 2. Movement: The bones of the upper and lower limbs pull and push‚ with the help of muscles. 3 storage as a mineral store. 97% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone. Here it is easily available and turns over fast. In pregnancy the demands of the fetus for calcium require a suitable diet and after menopause hormonal control of calcium levels may be impaired: calcium leaches out leaving brittle osteoporotic bones. 4. Protective. Skull for the brain
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The Excretory System • Main functions of the excretory system are: o to concentrate wastes and expel them from the body o to regulate fluids and water within the body • Most metabolic wastes and toxins are dissolved in the body’s internal environment‚ so the maintenance of the body fluids is essential for keeping the body free of waste products enabling it to function properly. Excretion in Invertebrates and Non-mammaliam Vertebrates • Single celled organisms and simple multicellular
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Pg. 25 Once drug goes into mucosal cells‚ the concentration gradient will decrease. Blood supply to mucosal cell keeps removing drug continuously so the drug conc is smaller & this (heavy vascularisation) maintains constant gradient so that the drugs are constantly removed into the blood stream pH in stomach about 2 Implication: weak acids absorbed readily‚ weak bases not absorbed as readily Implication: some of the drugs may not be able to suvive that acidic environment. & they may disintegrate
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mechanisms are in place to reduce injury. Histamines then are released‚ which causes more acid. In the epithelial cells‚ ion travels into the basolateral cell membrane in order to regulate intracellular pH by removing excess hydrogen ions. Healthy cells migrate to the site of the injury through the process of restitution. Afterwards‚ mucosal blood flow removes the acid that diffuses through the injured mucosa later providing bicarbonate to the surface of the epithelial cells
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts is called: Anatomy Know the difference between what is Physiology compared to Anatomy. Think Form and Function. Anatomy:the science of the structure of living organisms Physiology: The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. Which of the following is the correct sequence‚ going from simplest
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throughout the body. Types of IV access * The Hickman catheter is softer than a simple triple-lumen catheter‚ and is usually inserted in an operating room. The actual access to the subclavian vein is still by puncture under the clavicle‚ but the distal end of the catheter is pulled under the skin for 2-4 inches and comes out of the chest close to the nipple. This creates a "tunnel" which decreases the risk of infection. The Hickman catheter‚ which is made of silastic (a silicone elastomere)‚ comes
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Anatomy Outline Notes Exam 1 Developmental Anatomy – is the way anatomy changes over time in a single species -somites are segmental blocks found in embryos that form muscles & vertebrae etc. Comparative Anatomy – is the comparison of anatomies between different species. -all known vertebrates have common feature (skull & vertebrae): this leads to evolutionary theory. Hierarchy of Structural Organization -Body -> System -> Organ -> Tissue -> Cells -> Chemical/Molecular
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type of cancer that is diagnosed in many different forms such as; cutaneous melanoma‚ ocular melanoma‚ mucosal melanoma‚ and metastatic melanoma. Ocular melanoma is a very rare type of melanoma found in the eye‚ which is also referred to as uveal melanoma and choroidal melanoma. Mucosal melanoma occurs in the mouth‚ throat‚ anus‚ vagina‚ and nasal passages. Mucosal is found in mucous membranes throughout our body. Metastatic melanoma is melanoma that has spread and is most commonly known as stage
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(a)nervous system and (d) endocrine system In (a)-(e)‚ a directional term is followed by elbow/wrist. In each case‚ choose the structures or locations. In each case‚ choose the structure or organ that matches the directional term. distal: wrist lateral: hip bone superior: nose anterior: toes superficial: scalp Assume that the body has been sectioned along three planes: (1) median plane‚ (2) a frontal plane‚ and (3) a transverse plane made at the level of each of the organs
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