Transgenic plants for the production of edible vaccines and antibodies for immunotherapy Vaccines and antibodies play a key role in healthcare. However‚ the cost of production and maintaining a chain for vaccine distribution has so far hampered realizing their full potential. Expression of antigens as vaccines‚ and of antibodies against antigens of pathogens in transgenic plants is a convenient and inexpensive source for these immunotherapeutic molecules. Various antigens and antibodies have already
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high pressure. This pressure forces about 20% of the blood plasma (about 120m1 of the 600 ml) out of the glomerulus and across the membrane of Bowman’s capsule. Bowman’s capsule acts to "filter" or separate some of the substances that are located in blood plasma from others. This is because some substances are small enough to fit through the pores of the membrane of Bowman’s capsule and some are too large and thus do not enter Bowman’s capsule with
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head. Posterior to the nares‚ the dissectors found the eyes. The eyes had an upper and lower eyelid‚ as well as a third lid‚ the nictitating membrane (which covers the eye while the frog is swimming). Dissectors peeled a portion of the nictitating membrane off using the blunt probe. Dissectors found the tympanic membrane‚ the eardrum‚ just right behind the eyes. Dissectors opened the mouth of the frog with their hands‚ and made an extra posterior cut where the
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MRSA bacteria without harming the healthy tissue around it. Once these polymers come into contact with water in or on the body‚ they self assemble into a new polymer structure that is designed to target bacteria membranes based on electrostatic interaction and break through their cell membranes and walls. The physical nature of this action prevents bacteria from developing resistance to these nanoparticles or other antibiotics. The electric charge naturally found in cells is important because the new
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The Danger of Antimicrobial Usage: Triclosan Essay Weren’t anti-microbial agents considered safe for humans to use and not suppose to be harmful in nature? In recent studies‚ triclosan‚ an antibacterial compound is shown to be a harmful agent to humans rather than being helpful in keeping bacterial illnesses away. Presently‚ antimicrobials agents triclosan and triclocarban are examples of widely used antimicrobials agents in personal care products in United States and many other countries
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Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs‚ 25(2)‚ 86-90 (2011) http://www.sbaoi.org Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Novel Bioengineering Concept Palwinder Kaur‚ Puneet‚ Varun Dahiya1 Department of Prosthodontics‚ Swami Devi Dyal Dental College & Hospital‚ Barwala‚ Distt. Panchkula. Haryana 1 Department of Periodontics‚ D J Dental College‚ Modinagar. Corresponding author: Dr. Palwinder Kaur‚ e-mail: soniya.bagri@gmail.com Received 19 August 2010; Accepted 12 January 2011; Available online 4 May 2011 A promising
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Vaccines represent one of the great achievements in public health. A turning point in the war against pathogenic infection occurred over 200 years ago when Edward Jenner used cowpox to elicit protective immune responses against a devastating outbreak of smallpox. Since then‚ the use of safe and effective vaccines to prevent infection has become a fundamental aspect of modern medicine. While many vaccination campaigns have been successful‚ the constant emergence‚ and re-emergence‚ of pathogens challenges
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substance — acetylcholine from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane at a synapse. • Osmosis — diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. High Diffusion Rate: short distance‚ large surface area‚ big concentration difference (Fick’s Law). High temperatures increase diffusion; large molecules slow diffusion. Facilitated Diffusion This is the movement of specific molecules down a concentration gradient‚ passing through the membrane via a specific carrier protein. Thus‚ rather like enzymes‚
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myofibrils‚ composed of a smaller protein structure. Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane of a muscle cell. Endomysium: Mostly reticulum fibers‚ penetrates interior of each fascicle and separates each muscle fiber individually. Fascicle: Groups of muscle fibers. Tendon: Dense irregular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. Bone (radius): A bone of the upper limb‚ distal to the humerus. Periosteum: Largest serous membrane of the body that lines abdominal cavity and covers the viscera within
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Parasitic Nutrition 21 May 2011 10:43 = organisms that live on or in another organism obtaining nourishment at the expense of the host and causing harm. Gut parasite (Taenia solium) = tapeworm Primary host = human (eat uncooked infected pork) Secondary host = pig (drainage channels contaminated by human faeces) Adaptations… - Suckers & hookers (attachment) - Body covering (immune responses) - Thick cuticle (inhibitory substances = enzymes) - Simple body systems (reproduction) - Very thin & large
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