plasma membrane of a cell is extremely important to the transportation of substances into and out of the cell. The outer membrane of a cell is made up of lipids and proteins. Most of the lipids in plasma membranes are phospholipids. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. When engulfed in water‚ they arrange themselves such that all the hydrophobic tails clump together‚ surrounded by the hydrophilic heads‚ protecting the tails from the exposure to the water. In cells‚ which
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Lab 3 – Homework 1. Purpose of today’s experiment: To determine the effect osmotic pressure might have on cellular membranes‚ specifically when beet slices are placed in NaCl solutions of varying concentrations. 2. Hypothesis: The osmolarity will directly increase with increasing NaCl concentrations. 3. Control = Distilled Water – this was present in all solutions 4. The independent variable – salinity of the 6 solutions; while predetermined‚ the NaCl concentrations varied from 0% to 15%.
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the simplest or chemical level and culminating with the highest level-the whole organism Chemical level – atoms (and their parts)‚ and combinations of atoms called molecures Cellular level – cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Tissue level – tissue are groups of similar cells (and their intercellular material)‚ which work together toward a specific function. Examples include blood‚ muscle‚ nerves‚ ets mostly a common embryo group. Organ level – a structure composed
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passive transport as energy does not need to be generated. Diffusion is complete when the concentration of molecules is equal on either side of the membrane. Diffusion rate can be influenced by many factors such as: Concentration gradient across the the membrane. Permeability of the membrane to the diffusing substance. Temperature. Surface area of the membrane. Question 2 2.1 Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body as a neurotransmitter it is an ester of acetic acid
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Fuel cells have become a favorable future power source because they can convert chemical energy directly into electricity in a highly efficient‚ environmentally friendly manner. Although fuel cells were invented one and a half centuries ago‚ only recently has it become feasible for them to compete with existing energy production systems. Among the various types of fuel cells‚ proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells promise to become a viable power source for transportation as well as a distributed
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Robert Lawrence and Edmund Stephens‚ two graduate students of geology from Columbia University‚ organized the Saline Salt Company in 1974. Keeping in mind the fact that every 1‚000 grams of seawater contains approximately 35 grams of various salts‚ the two men pictured limitless wealth for them by extracting these salts. Common table salt comprises 27 grams out of each 35 grams and is easy to extract; so‚ the men decided to begin producing it. They picked New Iberia‚ Louisiana as the ideal location
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Salt of the Earth Flannery O ’Connor ’s novels and stories are inhabited with unique and flawed characters who are the result of O’Connor ’s satiric worldly perspective. While they are sometimes humorous‚ these misfits are usually unpleasant. Critics have termed them "grotesque‚" but O ’Connor has rejected this term because it suggests that the characters are too weird to belong in the real world. Instead‚ O ’Connor insists that the South is inhabited by many such people. For every good or evil
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Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic organisms whose single cells have neither a membrane-enclosed nucleus nor other membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Another group of microbes‚ the archaea‚ meet these criteria but are very different from the bacteria in other ways. In fact‚ there is considerable evidence that you are more closely related to the archaea than they are to the bacteria! Bacteria are living things that are neither plants nor animals‚ but belong to a group
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3. Why are stabilisation salts added to evaporated or condensed milks prior to heating? The heat stability of milk is of tremendous importance in the successful processing of milk and the manufacture of most dairy products. Appropriate application of heat becomes necessary not just for destruction of spore-resistant micro-organisms but also for the preservation of the most desirable product characteristics. However‚ milk should not coagulate on heating. Heat coagulation is chiefly caused by de-stabilization
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Bacterial Energetics and Membranes Abstract The Mg2+/Ca2+ ATP synthase present in all bacterial membranes‚ particularly E. coli‚ couples ATP synthesis to the proton (H+) gradient produced by the ETC‚ a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. The gradient acts to power the ATPase‚ so that it may phosphorylate ADP to produce ATP. The reverse reaction of this process‚ or hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi‚ may be used to observe ATPase activity when the resulting Pi is quantitatively measured
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