Temperature and Thermometers The Temperature of an object is a measure of the hotness or coldness of that object. An alternative way to think of temperature is to say that “the temperature of an object is a number – on some manmade scale – that indicates the hotness of the object”. ‘Hotness’ in turn is a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules of the material. Note: You must use the term ‘hotness’.* The SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin (K)* Relationship between degrees Celsius
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Investigating the effects of temperature on cell membranes Independent variable: Temperature of beetroot Dependent variable: Absorbency of light Hypothesis: As temperature rises to its optimum temperature‚ the absorbency of light will increase because protein is an enzyme and will therefore be affected by temperature. This is because more beetroot dye will pass through the cell membrane and then into the distilled water. The deeper the colour of the beetroot dye‚ the higher the absorbency
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The bonding of an enzyme to its substrate forms an enzyme-substrate complex. The catalytic action of the enzyme converts its substrate into the product or products of the reaction. Each reaction is extremely specific‚ distinguishing between closely related compounds‚ including isomers. For example‚ the enzyme sucrase will only act on sucrose and will not bind to any other disaccharide. The molecular recognition of enzymes is due to the fact that they are proteins‚ which are defined as being macromolecules
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Enzyme Catalase Activity in Reaction with the Substrate Hydrogen Peroxide Abstract We performed these experiments to observe the effects of enzymes on the rate of reactions. We tested and compared the activity of the enzyme catalase on the substrate H2O2 in various states and percentages‚ and observed the absorption values of the enzyme-substrate relationship at different concentrations. Our results show that the more substrate available‚ the quicker the reaction will happen except in one test
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FUNCTIONS OF ENZYMES Enzymes are extremely important to the human body and its ability to function. An enzyme itself is a protein made by the body’s cells to act as catalyst‚ speeding up chemical reactions in the cell. It does this by taking the reactants‚ or the elements or compounds that enter into the chemical reaction‚ in this situation referred to as substrates‚ and breaking apart their bonds so that new ones can form. The three types of enzymes are digestive enzymes‚ food enzymes‚ and metabolic
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The stomach produces many digestive juices and acids that mix with food and help in the process of digestion. Cancer in the stomach just like any other type of cancer is not something pleasant. Stomach cancer is a disease in which the stomach cells become cancerous and grow out of control‚ creating a tumor. Almost all stomach cancers start in a tissue that lines the stomach called the glandular. The tumors these cells create have the ability
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structures of cells but they act as enzymes in reactions of the body1. Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the amount of activation energy needed in carrying out biochemical reactions1. Enzymes are responsible for almost every reaction that occurs in a cell and is named according to the substrate they specifically affect. An enzyme works best under optimal conditions pertaining to temperature‚ pH level and salt concentration1. In unfavorable conditions enzymes will become denatured and ineffective
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Enzyme Inhibition Many drugs exert their action by inhibition of an enzyme activity in the body. If the activity of an enzyme is vital to the cell or organism‚ then inhibition may lead to death of the cell or organism. It is now possible to design new drugs which are enzyme inhibitors once a target enzyme has been identified. Types of Inhibitors A) Reversible Inhibitors: The effect of the inhibitor is instantaneous‚ and it can be removed from the enzyme by dialysis so that the enzyme activity
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Discovery Restriction enzymes were discovered 40 years ago during investigations into the phenomenon of host-specific restriction and modification of bacterial viruses. Restriction enzymes protect bacteria from infections by viruses‚ and it is generally accepted that this is their role in nature. They function as microbial immune systems. When a strain of E. coli lacking a restriction enzyme is infected with a virus‚ most virus particles can initiate a successful infection. When the same strain
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Enzymes are biologic polymers that catalyze the chemical reactions that make life as we know it possible. The presence and maintenance of a complete and balanced set of enzymes is essential for the breakdown of nutrients to supply energy and chemical building blocks; the assembly of those building blocks into proteins‚ DNA‚ membranes‚ cells‚ and tissues; and the harnessing of energy to power cell motility‚ neural function‚ and muscle contraction. With the exception of catalytic RNA molecules‚ or
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