EXPERIMENT 5- A FISCHER ESTERIFICATION SYNTHESIS OF PEAR OIL One of the major uses of Esterification (C(=O)-C-R) is forming compounds with different odors which can be used to make different synthetic and natural flavorings. Using the chemical and physical properties of organic compounds‚ an ester was catalyzed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol‚ producing an odor similar to that of pear oil. The mechanism of this Fischer- Esterification process is outlined as follows:
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how they may be manipulated and changed. Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire‚ the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century‚ mainly in France at first‚ then in Germany‚ later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry‚ all organic substances were understood as all being materials
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Project on Organic farming Deptt of Agriculture and Cooperation‚ Govt of India Organic Agriculture (Concept‚ Scenario‚ Principals and Practices) By A.K Yadav Director National Centre of Organic Farming‚ Ghaziabad National Centre of Organic Farming Department of Agriculture and Cooperation‚ Ministry of Agriculture‚ Govt of India‚ CGO-II‚ Kamla Nehru Nagar Ghaziabad‚ 201 001‚ Uttar Pradesh 1 National Centre of Organic Farming‚ Ghaziabad National Project on Organic farming Deptt
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crude oil‚ natural gas liquids‚ natural gas and their products. Petroleum comes from the Latin petra meaning rock or stone & oleum meaning oil. Petroleum occurs in the earth in combination of any of the four states: gas‚ liquid‚ semisolid‚ and solid. Chemically‚ petroleum is a mixture of carbon‚ hydrogen and oxygen (called hydrocarbons) with minor amounts of nitrogen‚ oxygen‚ and sulfur as impurities along with heavy metals. Petroleum is organic; it contains complex carbon‚ hydrogen molecular structures
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I. Introduction: Thesis Statement: People should consume organic foods because they have More nutritious‚ No pesticides are used on them‚ No hormones or antibiotics are used in their production A. Major Proposition or Premise (before because): People should consume organic foods B. 1st Minor Proposition or Premise (after because): More nutritious. C. 2nd Minor Proposition or Premise (after because): No pesticides are used on them. D. 3rd Minor Proposition or Premise (after because):
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Gas analysis techniques Terms for gas analysis techniques Concentration The term concentration describes the amount of a substance‚ expressed as mass‚ volume‚ or number of particles in a unit volume of a solid‚ liquid‚ or gaseous substance e.g. alcohol in beer or oxygen in air. Different units are in use to describe concentration in gases: Mass concentration Concentration expressed in terms of mass of substance per unit volume [g substance/m3 gas volume] ¢ Volume concentration Concentration
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the discontent between the two opposing forces‚ Americans and British‚ had been developing for years before the first shots ever had gone off to start the revolution. The reasoning for the tension between the two is traced back to one of the main catalysts being the Stamp Act that was imposed on New England colonies‚ then to one of the last being The Boston Tea Party that ended with British war ships being sent to Boston with attempts to keep in under control. In the beginning‚ New England were
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English 1 13 February 2012 Organic Farming “Pesticide residues have been ranked among the top three environmental cancer risks by the American government” (Cleeton). This startling statistic fuels some of the arguments between organic farming and conventional farming. Although organic products cost more‚ they have many benefits to humans and rural societies. Organic farming is better than conventional farming because of the benefits to the natural environment‚ the methods used to fertilize soil
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Aim: To observe the effect of temperature on the rate of the iodine clock reaction using ammonium persulfate Assessment criteria: Design Variables: Table 1.1: List of dependent and independent variables. S.No | Dependent variables | Independent variables | Controlled variables | 1. | Rate of reaction | Temperature | Concentration | 2. | - | - | Pressure | 3. | - | - | Volume | Hypothesis: The iodine
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The Effect of pH on Enzymatic Reaction Rate Abstract Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most favorable pH value— the point where the enzyme is most active—is known as the optimum pH. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of pH reaction rate on an enzyme‚ catalase‚ from yeast. The experimental results indicate that the catalase worked best at a neutral pH level of seven (7). Introduction An enzyme is a protein molecule that serves as a catalyst. “The basic function of
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