On a proper interpretation of the case law of the European Court of Justice‚ there can be no doubt that the real seat theory is dead throughout the EU Discuss. Since the Treaty of Rome entered in force in 1958‚ companies were allowed to be formed across the EU benefit from the basic right of the freedom of establishment. The principle of freedom of establishment set out in Article 49 (ex Article 43 TEC) enables an economic company to operate an activity in one or more Member States. At present
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Estonia I. Introduction: Estonia is a Nordic country which means that the nature is untapped‚ unharmed and in pure state. This mercilessly harsh weather along with the wonderful white nights and dark days creates a mesmerizing appeal to the senses. Because of such extreme weather a very high level of discipline and commitment is required by the folks to even have an existence – which results in clear shapes‚ quality in sharp thinking and pin point decision making‚ as well as a clear thought process
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eu/economy_finance/publications/publication15887_en.pdf Council of the European Union."Highlights." CONSILIUM -. N.p.‚ n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/homepage/highlights/fiscal-compact-enters-into-force-on-1-january-2013?lang=en "Europe 2020 - The EU Strategy for Smart‚ Sustainable and Inclusive Growth - European Commission." Europe 2020 - The EU Strategy for Smart‚ Sustainable and Inclusive Growth - European Commission. N.p.‚ n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. http://ec.europa.eu/e
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the potential reforms that could be made to the European Parliament to make it a more powerful institution. My main source of information when it came to these reform ideas where the core text by Neil Nugent‚ Michelle Cini’s "European Union Politics" and Judge and Earnshaw’s "The European Parliament"‚ which can be found on the reading list for this seminar. I found them to be good sources of information‚ as they lay out powers and roles of the European Parliament‚ as previously laid out in this presentation
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The Structure of the European Union European Union policies are divided into three main areas‚ called pillars. I. the European Community-at the heart of the EC is the single market with its four basic freedom ( free movement of goods‚ free movement of workers‚ freedom to provide services and free movement of capital and payment) and its rules on competition. Policy areas for which the Community is responsible is: international trade‚ development assistance‚ monetary policy‚ agriculture
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Maastricht introduced European citizenship. This finally defined what an EU citizen ’ is‚ most obviously in the amended Article 17 of the Treaty of Rome. This declared that in order for one to hold "citizenship of the Union"‚ one must hold "nationality of a Member State". So anyone with nationality to a country within the European union is immediately granted European Citizenship. Consequently all nationals belonging to states joining the EU will also be automatically conferred European citizenship. It
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UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE SCHOOL OF LAW COURSEWORK FOR ASPECTS OF EUROPEAN LAW (2LAW0043) DATE - 16th March 2010 ‘The useful effect of a directive would be weakened if individuals were prevented from relying on it before their national courts...’ Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) Discuss the above statement in the light of the doctrine of direct effect and the later doctrines developed by the ECJ. In order to discuss the above statement
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The Evolution of the European Council as a major institution of the European Union Pre History How did the formation emerge? The reasons behind the creation of the European Council emerged through the inclination that society seemed to be failing to cope with existing and forthcoming challenges that communities were being presented with. Europe didn’t have an institution which was capable of providing dominance and leadership on decision making. The European council provided an evolution of power
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1 A “real” European Union World order is going to change in the near future. This year 2012 will be remembered as the year the European Union become a reality. There are three big events occurring this year that are promoting a larger economic‚ political and social unity inside the EU. A united Europe is a project that has taken a long time to create and that had overcome many difficulties. All the indefinitions in the EU in the past have created many problems in the present‚ but now they work
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History of the Single European Market Page 4 * The Three Pillars Page 6 * Action Plans * Comparisons Page 7 – Section 2 * Introduction * Legislations Page 8 * Policies * The CE Mark Page 9 * Harmonising Safety Standards * Solvit Page 10 * Summary Page 12 * References Section 1 Introduction This assignment is divided into two sections. The purpose of the first part of this paper is to discuss the creation of the Single European Market‚ and how
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