Ratio decidendi and obiter dicta Learning objectives At the end of this module‚ you will be able to: * distinguish between ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. * apply well-established rules to identify the ratio decidendi in a decision. This module is intended as a useful exercise in revision. If you are certain that you understand how to discover the ratio in an opinion‚ you should skim lightly over this material. What is the ratio decidendi? As you probably recall from your studies
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Ratio analysis Debt ratio Debt ratio (2006-2007) = Total liabilities / Total assets = 10‚170/12‚064 = 0.84 Debt ratio (2007-2008) = 9‚210/11‚769 = Debt ratio (2008-2009) = 10‚003/11‚229 = Debt ratio (2009-2010) = 11‚043/12‚537 = Current ratio Current ratio (2006-2007) = Current assets / Current liabilities = 3‚424/4‚790 = 0.71 Current ratio (2007-2008) = 2‚164/4‚498 = Current ratio (2008-2009) = 1‚326/5‚389 = Current ratio (2009-2010) = 2‚697/6‚085 = Return on sales (ROS) Return on Sales
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History of the Telecom Industry • 1851 First operational land lines were laid by the government near Calcutta (seat of British power) • 1881 Telephone service introduced in India • 1883 Merger with the postal system • 1923 Formation of Indian Radio Telegraph Company (IRT) • 1932 Merger of ETC and IRT into the Indian Radio and Cable Communication Company (IRCC) • 1947 Nationalization of all foreign telecommunication companies to form
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Title: To Investigate the Effect of Concentration on the Rates of Diffusion. What is the relationship between concentration of hydrochloric acid and the rate of diffusion? Abstract The research question that this report is going to discuss is “What is the relationship between concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the rate of diffusion?” My hypothesis for this research question is that change in rate of diffusion will be observed when the agar
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transition‚ now facing major challenge * Competition in its primary market * The impact of its performance during Asian crisis * Technological advancement. E.g. bypass the networks of local provider when making oversea call and deprive the firm of its sources of income. * The barriers that protected Telecom’s appeared to be in danger of crushing. * The possibilities of negative growth for the year end unless there is a significant recovery of economy in the regions. | * National
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3 February 17‚ 2013 The article‚ “The Sharpe Ratio and the Information Ratio”‚ by Deborah Kidd is about the original risk-adjusted performance measure and they are Sharpe ratio and the Information Ratio. William Sharpe designed the first performance metric to insolate excess return per unit of total risk taken. The Sharpe ratio shows whether a portfolio ’s returns are due to smart investment decisions or a result of excess risk. The Sharpe ratio measure dividends average portfolio excess return
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School of Accounting & Finance The Hong Kong Polytechnic University AF2111 Accounting for Decision making Semester 1 of 2013/2014 Academic Year Meeting Time: Thursday‚ 19:30 - 21:20 Venue: DE401 (subject group S01) Instructor: Ms Sarah Cheng Mei Ling Office: M754‚ Li Ka Shing Building Tel. No.: (852) 2766-7027 E-mail:
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The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa‚ theAmericas and parts of Asia. In the 1790s the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe; however it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear. This article details the history of telecommunication and the individuals who helped make telecommunication systems what they are today. The history of telecommunication is an important part of the largerhistory of communication
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2.0 FINANCIAL RATIOS 2 Liquidity Ratios Liquidity ratios measure a business ’ capacity to pay its debts as they come due. It also measures the cooperative’s ability to meet short-term obligations. Liquidity refers to the solvency of the firm’s overall financial position – the ease with which it can pay its bills. Because a common precursor to financial distress and bankruptcy is low or declining liquidity‚ these ratios can provide early signs of cash flow problems and impending
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A Low-Power CoAP for Contiki Matthias Kovatsch‚ Simon Duquennoy‚ and Adam Dunkels kovatsch@inf.ethz.ch simonduq@sics.se adam@sics.se Monday‚ 17 Oct 2011 Internet of Things Protocol Stack Layer Application Transport Network Adaption MAC Radio Duty Cycling Physical Matthias Kovatsch – ETH Zürich Protocol CoAP / REST Engine (Erbium) UDP IPv6 / RPL 6LoWPAN CSMA / link-layer bursts ContikiMAC IEEE 802.15.4 A Low-Power CoAP for Contiki 2 ContikiMAC Radio on D Data frame A ACK frame
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