UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE SCHOOL OF LAW COURSEWORK FOR ASPECTS OF EUROPEAN LAW (2LAW0043) DATE - 16th March 2010 ‘The useful effect of a directive would be weakened if individuals were prevented from relying on it before their national courts...’ Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) Discuss the above statement in the light of the doctrine of direct effect and the later doctrines developed by the ECJ. In order to discuss the above statement
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European Tour Operators: Introduction: The macro-environment looks at broad trends shaping the national and international environment. An analysis of the macro environment is crucial in determining the factors which have a direct impact and/or might influence the strategic direction of an organisation. The macro-environment is difficult for organisations to influence and changes can be far-reaching. The media is usually rich source of both information and speculation and as such cannot be a reliable
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European Enlightenment Made in 1984‚ Amadeus the film focuses on Mozart’s life while representing the 18th century European Enlightenment through social class‚ politics and social history. Firstly‚ through the life of Mozart‚ we saw how difficult it was to survive in society. There was a complex hierarchical structure‚ which did not allow individuals to upgrade their social class. Therefor‚ even though Mozart was a brilliant and well-known artist‚ he lived a mediocre life and his life ended with
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1 A “real” European Union World order is going to change in the near future. This year 2012 will be remembered as the year the European Union become a reality. There are three big events occurring this year that are promoting a larger economic‚ political and social unity inside the EU. A united Europe is a project that has taken a long time to create and that had overcome many difficulties. All the indefinitions in the EU in the past have created many problems in the present‚ but now they work
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European attitudes to smoking. Sometime earlier this year I took a trip to Europe‚ to England and France actually. It was a wonderful trip‚ I really loved it. But one thing that struck me was how different cultures are from your own. They are not only different‚ they are also similar‚ but I suppose it is the differences that really stand out. One of the things that struck me very much was the difference in attitudes towards smoking.There is - as many people know - there’s a growing anti-smoking
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European colonization of the New World was detrimental to Native Americans because it resulted in millions of Native deaths‚ took Native lands and forced Natives onto reservations‚ and destroyed the traditional Native way of life. The Native deaths were caused by smallpox‚ and other deadly Eurasian Germs. The germs were spread by the Europeans they gave them through blankets and food‚ millions of deaths were caused by these gifts. The Natives were forced onto reservations because most or many American
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threat of foreign imperialists who wanted to colonize African land to further their own countries power. But the threat of imperialism started way before European colonists came into Africa. Missionaries in the 19th century had a main objective of bringing Christianity to the people of Africa. They tried to change the way Africans behaved because European Missionaries saw Africans as being savages and uncivilized and they saw it as their duty to change that. I will be discussing how missionaries were
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European Exploration and Conquest During the age of exploration Europe’s powerful nations greatly influenced numerous parts of the world. Britain‚ Spain‚ and France all took part in the rush to conquer newly discovered lands and other areas in Asia and the pacific. However‚ it didn’t just affect the lands that were being explored; it had a noticeable influence of the “mother” nations. New products were introduced‚ the European economy got a boost‚ new trading routs were opened‚ and new colonies
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European Influences on our Cities The European Colonial period lasted from the 16th century to the early 20th century; European powers such as France and England established colonies throughout the American homeland‚ and in other geographical locations such as Asia and Africa. Since‚ these European settlers were the ones who founded our globally recognized cities today‚ obviously‚ they had a tremendous influence on the architectural design. The most populated newfound American cities such as Boston
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The European Energy Market For several years now the European Union‚ the largest regional trading block in the world‚ has been trying to liberalize its energy market‚ replacing the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and gas. The first phase of liberalization went into effect in June 2007. When fully implemented‚ the ability of energy producers to sell electricity and gas across national borders will be improved‚ increasing competition. The road
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