American Journal of Environmental Sciences 5 (3): 371-381‚ 2009 ISSN 1553-345X © 2009 Science Publications Green Engines Development Using Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel: A Review Semin‚ 2R. A. Bakar and 2A.R. Ismail 1 Department of Marine Engineering‚ Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya‚ Campus ITS‚ Sukolilo‚ Surabaya 60111‚ Indonesia 2 Automotive Excellent Center‚ Faculty of Mechanical Engineering‚ University Malaysia Pahang‚ Locked Bag 12‚ 25000 Kuantan‚ Pahang
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WANKEL ENGINE The Wankel engine‚ invented by German engineer Felix Wankel‚ is a type of internal combustion engine which uses a rotary design to convert pressure into a rotating motion instead of using reciprocating pistons. Its four-stroke cycle takes place in a space between the inside of an oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing and a rotor that is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle but with sides that are somewhat flatter. This design delivers smooth high-rpm power from a compact size. Since
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Diesel Engine Heat engines are sometimes referred to as being motors. Actually‚ a motor converts one form of energy into useful work without the intentional production of heat‚ such as an electric motor. A device which burns fuel creating heat to perform work is a heat engine. Heat engines can be classified as external combustion‚ such as steam boiler‚ or internal combustion (IC). They can further be divided into the spark ignited (SI) engine or the compression ignited engine (CI). The compression
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Piston Engines Picture a tube or cylinder that holds a snugly fitting plug. The plug is free to move back and forth within this tube‚ pushed by pressure from hot gases. A rod is mounted to the moving plug; it connects to a crankshaft‚ causing this shaft to rotate rapidly. A propeller sits at the end of this shaft‚ spinning within the air. Here‚ in outline‚ is the piston engine‚ which powered all airplanes until the advent of jet engines. Pistons in cylinders first saw use in steam engines. Scotland’s
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A jet engine‚ like a rocket engine‚ is a reaction engine. It works by throwing mass in one direction and taking advantage of the reaction in the opposite direction. In the case of a jet engine‚ the engine burns fuel (like kerosene) with air from the atmosphere. The burning fuel heats and expands the air‚ and this hot air shoots out of the exhaust-end of the engine to create thrust. Most modern jet engines use a turbine to improve the efficiency of the engine and allow the engine to work at low speeds
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Literary devices are a common technique in writing to enhance the writer’s style. These devices enrich the content of the writings by offering another perspective on them and can also be used to create a tone or ambience. In “Straw Into Gold: The Metamorphosis of the Everyday‚” Sandra Cisneros uses literary devices such as metaphors‚ conceits‚ and details to reveal the reflective atmosphere of her writing in order to convey her experiences as a writer. In her story‚ Cisneros applied metaphors to
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COMBUSTION ENGINES 6.1 Introduction Perhaps the best-known engine in the world is the reciprocating internal combustion (IC) engine. Virtually every person who has driven an automobile or pushed a power lawnmower has used one. By far the most widely used IC engine is the spark-ignition gasoline engine‚ which takes us to school and work and on pleasure jaunts. Although others had made significant contributions‚ Niklaus Otto is generally credited with the invention of the engine and with the
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ABSTRACT Camless internal combustion engines offer major improvements over traditional engines in terms of efficiency‚ maximum torque and power‚ pollutant emissions. Electromechanical valve actuators are very promising in this context‚ but still present significant control problems. Low valve seating velocity‚ small transition time for valve opening and closing‚ unavailability of position sensor are the main objectives to be considered in the design of the valve control system. Actuator physical
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COMMENTARY - REINDEER AND ENGINE This poem‚ "Reindeer and Engine" is by Josephine Jacobsen. It is set in a ’Finnish forest track’ where a reindeer is being chassed by a train. It flees from the light of the train as it ’runs’ forward trying to escape. This is a narrative poem because it tells a story from an omniscient point of view. It is written in four stanza’s each one telling a different part of the story. The first idea we come across is that of light. ’The great round eye’ in the first line
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