Lecture 12-Mechanisms of drugs Question 1 TCAs-Tricyclic antidepressants Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin ie they linger for longer in the synapse and interact with receptors longer SSRIs-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Block only serotonin (not NE) reuptake MAOIs-Monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitors (MAOIs) * Block action of MAO enzymes – presynaptic terminal has increased levels of monoamine transmitters for release * Decrease in MAO activityIncrease
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‘is the forceful expulsion of the contents of the gastrointestinal system out through the mouth’ (Virtual medical centre‚ 2005). It is the symptoms of many different conditions and the side effects of certain drugs. Vomiting is the response of an activated emetic reflex by the integrative vomiting centre. The initiation of an emetic response can be prevented by the use anti-emetics drugs. These drugs are often useful for patients that are undergoing chemotherapy. The drugs act
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I hypothesized that melatonin inhibits somatostatin at transcription level through inhibition of important somatostatin transcription factors. I collected data from primary and secondary literature to acquire information on the target tissues‚ receptors and cellular mechanisms of melatonin. I collected information about somatostatin with emphasis on the mechanisms of its expression. Results showed that melatonin inhibits transcription of somatostatin through inhibition of Cyclic-adenosine monophosphate
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include a number of receptor cells. These receptor cells are connected to nerves in the tongue which send signals to the brain which cause us to sense certain types of taste. Different senses of taste are located on certain parts of the tongue. Nerves which are located in front of the tongue signal “sweet” taste bud receptors. Behind those nerves are another set of taste bud receptors which signal “salty” taste. Located in the back of the tongue are the taste bud receptors which signal the taste of “sour”
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genetic changes e.g. IBD‚ Huntington‚ etc) Signals induce transitions from state 1 to state 2. Even for staying alive cells need constant signaling. Characteristics of a signal/change: - Perturbation from steady state - Reproducible - Managed - Controlled Stimulus Steroid hormones are lipophilic and can therefore diffuse across plasma membranes; they form signaling complexes with proteins A signal binds a surface receptor ( induction of conformational change in the
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Animal Physiology Friday January 13‚ 2012 What are Animals? Invertebrates No spinal column Vertebrates Spinal column Major Animal Phyla Porifera Cnidaria Platyhel-minths Mollusca Annileda Nematoda Arthro-poda Echino-dermata Chordata What is Animal Physiology? What is Physiology? “The study of how animals work” (function) Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (1915–2007) – came up with the whole scheme of animal physiology from cell to whole organism temperature
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to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries‚ even when the surrounding temperature is very different (Wikipedia‚ 2012). Thermoregulation could also be referred to as the mechanisms and control systems used by the body to balance thermal inputs and thermal losses so as to maintain its core temperature nearly constant (Monique‚ 2002). This process is one aspect of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal ’s internal environment and its external environment (the study of
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Nervous System c. Central Nervous System 5. Describe the role of the CNS with regard to swallowing. What is the stimulus? Nerve signals tell the brain what is the right thing to eat such as temperature and size and then causes saliva to be produced and moistens the food and forms the bolus which is then pushed down the throat after the CNS send the signal to contract smooth muscle 6. a. What are the components of the ANS (long) neural reflexes? Vagus nerve which supplies the parasympathetic
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177-188) 4. Explain the visual process‚ including the stimulus input‚ the structure of the eye‚ and the transduction of light energy. 5. Discuss the different levels of visual information processing and the value of parallel processing. 6. Explain the Young-Helmholtz and opponent-process theories of color vision‚ and describe the nature of color constancy. Hearing (pp. 189-196) 7. Explain the auditory process‚ including the stimulus input and the structure and function of the ear. 8. Explain the
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CHAPTER 15 The Endocrine System NOTES 1. Name 4 ways cells communicate with each other and name important characteristics of each. Answers a. gap junctions: really fast‚ nondirectional‚ part of nervous system b. neurotransmitters: fast‚ directional‚ specific‚ limited effects‚ part of nervous system c. paracrines: local tissue fluids‚ nondirectional‚ limited effects d. hormones: slower in onset‚ systemic in bloodstream‚ sustained effects 2. The area of the brain that is
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