NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Cell Signal. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 February 1. Published in final edited form as: Cell Signal. 2009 February ; 21(2): 212–219. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.10.003. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript Altered EGFR Localization and Degradation in Human Breast Cancer Cells with an Amphiregulin/EGFR Autocrine Loop Nicole E. Willmartha‚b‚ Andrea Baillob‚ Michele L. Dziubinskib‚ Kristy Wilsonc‚ David J
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SYMPOSIUM Takashi Aoyama • Atsuhiro Oka Cytokinin signal transduction in plant cells Received: February 4‚ 2003 / Accepted: March 8‚ 2003 / Published online: April 17‚ 2003 Abstract Cytokinins regulate various events in plant development according to the intrinsic developmental program and in response to environmental stimuli. Recent genetic and molecular biological studies have revealed the framework of the intracellular signal transduction pathway from cytokinin perception to transcriptional
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The ABC’s of Sensation 3.1 How do sensations travel through the central nervous system‚ and why are some sensations ignored? * Sensation is the activation of receptors located in the eyes‚ ears‚ skin‚ nasal cavities‚ and tongue. * Sensory receptors are specialized forms of neurons that are activated by different stimuli such as light and sound. * A just noticeable difference is the point at which a stimulus is detectable half the time it is present. * Weber’s law of just noticeable
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in tissues. This report will focus on thermoregulation‚ which is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries‚ despite the fluctuating external environment. The purpose of thermoregulation is to balance thermal inputs and thermal losses in the body to maintain a core body temperature of approximately 36.7 degrees celsius‚ despite the fluctuating
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the signal sequence emerges from the ribosome and binds to the SRP‚ which stops further translocation until the SRP-ribosome-nascent chain complex can make contact with the ER membrane. The SRP-ribosome then binds to an SRP receptor within the ER membrane during step 2. In the third step SRP is released and the association of the ribosome with a translocon of the ER membrane occurs. These latter events are accompanied by the reciprocal hydrolysis of GTP molecules bound to SRP & its receptor. In the
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-------------------Outline: I. Introduction II. Comparison between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems III. Anatomical and Physiological features of ANS IV. Metabolism of Neurotransmitters; Main form of removal from synaptic cleft/ junctional cleft V. Receptor Pharmacology and Membrane Potentials VI. Interactions of the Autonomic Divisions VII. Central Nervous Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions VIII. SPECIAL FOCUS on the Classic Neurotransmitters; Introduction to the Nonclassic Neurotransmitters
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This requires a receptor‚ a control centre‚ and an effector. A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors sense changes in function and begin the body’s homeostatic response. These receptors are connected to a control centre that studies all the information sent to it by the receptors. In most homeostatic mechanisms‚ the control centre is the brain. When the brain receives information about a change in the body’s internal conditions‚ it sends out signals along nerves. These
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Sannu’s Story A. In Sannu’s case why is there both sensory loss and muscle weakness? Leprosy is a disease that has been known since biblical times. It causes skin sores‚ nerve damage‚ and muscle weakness that gets worse over time. Leprosy is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It is not very contagious and it has a long incubation period (time before symptoms appear)‚ which makes it hard to know where or when someone caught the disease. Children are more likely than adults to get the
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Function Manakan Betsy Srichai and Roy Zent Abstract Integrins are a large family of heterodimeric glycoprotein receptors first discovered over twenty years ago. They exist as two noncovalently bound a- and b- subunits that function as adhesion molecules and play key roles in many biological processes including actin cytoskeleton organization and transduction of intracellular signals regulating cellular functions. Integrins bind a variety of extracellular matrices including collagens and laminins
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inflammation. After insult‚ macrophages normally become active to remove debris. Macrophages function in innate natural immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell. During phagocytosis‚ macrophages are activated to destroy (consume) the bacteria devouring many times their own body mass in bacteria‚ essentially killing them with the macrophage’s acid-filled vacuoles. The ingested pathogen becomes trapped in a phagosome‚ which fuses with lysosome; from this
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