in the cell membrane allow positive and negative ions to pass through into the interior and exterior of the cell. Additional mechanisms are required at synapses to pass signals from one neuron to another. Synapses are the gaps that allow two neurons to pass information back and forth. Electrical synapses (where electrical signals are transferred directly from neuron to the next) are rarely formed‚ however‚ most neurons in the nervous system communicate via these chemical synapses. The electrical
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regulate energy homeostasis. According to a recent review from the United States‚ "genetic and pharmacological studies have shown that the central melanocortin system plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis." As‚ we can see receptors for CRF‚ CRFR1 and CRFR2‚ have been hypothesized to play distinct roles in the
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the urine. A common chelating agent is dimercaprol‚ which is effective because of its sulfhydryl group. Lead tends to react with enzymes that have sulfhydryl groups‚ so the dimercaprol binds with the lead rather than the lead binding to important receptors in the body. Unfortunately‚ dimercaprol is toxic and can cause kidney damage‚ so it must be prescribed at very small doses. Another type of chelation therapy‚ called EDTA therapy‚ treats adults with lead levels greater than 45 mcg/dL of blood with
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Immune System Interactive Physiology Worksheet The Immune System: Immune System Overview 1. Pathogens are classified according to their size and where they are located in the body. List the five types of pathogens from largest to smallest: • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ 2. Which type of pathogen is always intracellular? ________________ Which type of pathogen is always
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response. NE carries out its effects on a target cell by binding to and activating adrenergic receptors. NE is usually eliminated through the reuptake into presynaptic cells and enzymes in the synapse‚ but can also spillover into the bloodstream acting as a hormone. Spillover is often caused when the body is under stressful conditions‚ like extreme blood loss in this simulation and decides to send neuron signals to the SNS to
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terminals that contact bipolar or horizontal cells. In a process known as phototransduction‚ absorption of light by the photopigment in the outer segment of the photoreceptors initiates a cascade of events that changes the membrane potential of the receptor‚ and therefore the amount of neurotransmitter released by the photoreceptor terminals. Difference in sensitivity due to differences in transduction mechanisms Differences in the transduction mechanisms utilised by rods and cones are a major factor
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Unit 5 task 3 (P5 M2 D2) – explain the concept of homeostasis‚ discuss the probable homeostatic response to changes in the internal environment during exercise‚ how homeostatic mechanisms control temperature‚ breathing and heart rate and evaluate the importance of homeostasis in maintaining healthy functioning of the body. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in organisms. It involves volume of blood and tissue fluid within restricted limits‚ it also maintains
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cell types that each bring a diverse receptor with specificity. The clonal selection theory discusses two basic ideas‚ the first of which is that lymphocyte specificity preexists in the genetic framework before an antigen has ever arrived in the tissues. The second basic idea of the clonal selection theory is that each genetically unique lymphocyte expresses only one specificity and can respond to only one kind of antigen. The significant assortment of receptors that cells must exhibit for antigens
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FCA1: Student answer reflects accurate knowledge of the sequence of events that construct a nerve signal (message sent from where and going where?). FCA 2: Student answer contains proper descriptions for each of the following terms: axons‚ dendrites‚ neurons‚ terminal buttons‚ soma‚ synapse‚ receptor sites‚ neurotransmitter FCA 3: Student’s answers to neurotransmitter scenario questions display evidence of an understanding of the effects of various neurotransmitters by providing a logical choice(s)
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Questions to be submitted as Case Study 1 1) Define Hyponatremia.- When sodium concentration in the blood is below 135 mEq/L‚ or abnormally low. It is induced by the consumption of large amounts of fluid that are sodium-free‚ such as water. 2) What is the etiology of hyponatremia?- Can occur in three ways: hypervolemic‚ euvolemic‚ and hypovolemic. Hypervolemic is when the body overall has too much water‚ lowering the serum sodium level‚ thus causing cells to swell. Euvolemic is when the body’s
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