INFECTION AND IMMUNITY‚ Apr. 2005‚ p. 2184–2189 0019-9567/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/IAI.73.4.2184–2189.2005 Copyright © 2005‚ American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Vol. 73‚ No. 4 Effect of B7-2 and CD40 Signals from Activated Antigen-Presenting Cells on the Ability of Zwitterionic Polysaccharides To Induce T-Cell Stimulation Tom Li Stephen‚1† Marcus Niemeyer‚2† Arthur O. Tzianabos‚2 Martin Kroenke‚1 Dennis L. Kasper‚2‚3 and Wiltrud M. Kalka-Moll1‚2‚4* Institute for Medical
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Nervous System Presented to: Miss Raheela Tariq Haider Iqbal (L12-5532) Sarah Ali (L12-4074) Aamna Akram (L12-4253) Momina Zaidi (L12-4063) Zaid Zafar Usmani (L12-4261) Mutahar Maqbool (L12-4092) Arslan Manzoor (L11-4664) Division of Work Haider Iqbal Case Study‚ Conclusion and Compilation Sarah Ali Nervous System‚ Neurons and Neurotransmitters Aamna Akram Peripheral Nervous System and Autonomous Nervous System Momina Zaidi Somatic Nervous
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The Human Body Systems By Yash Dhayal‚ Mathew Nemet‚ and Tom Battaglini Table Of Contents Overview * Skeletal system - Functions and Parts * Muscular System - Types of Muscles * Integumentary System - Functions * Circulatory System - Parts of the Circulatory System * Immune System - Organs and Cells of he Immune System * Respiratory System - Parts of the Respiratory System * Digestive System * Urinary System * Endocrine System * Nervous System Overview *
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Reflexes * all neural reflexes begin with stimulus that activates sensory receptor * receptor sends info in form of AP through sensory neurons to CNS * CNS: integrating center that evaluates all incoming info and selects appropriate response * Initiates AP in efferent neurons to direct response of muscles or glands (effectors) * Negative feedback: * Feedback signals from muscle or joint receptors keep CNS continuously informed of changing body position * Feedforward:
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perception. There is‚ however‚ a physical component to pain‚ as pain perception relies on a stimulus and the transmission of the signal this stimulus produces. Inclusively‚ the transmission of signals following stimuli and the resulting sensory activity is known as nociception (FURST‚ 1999). Pain perception refers to the conscious processing and interpreting of these signals (BALDO‚ 1999). Recent advances in functional brain imaging and anatomical methods in animal studies have allowed researchers to
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Components of the thermoregulatory control system‚ called receptors‚ detect this disruption and the changes to the trampers internal environment. The receptors‚
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internal temperature. For humans they must maintain an internal temperature of 36.7OC (this is the set point for the internal environment of a human to remain at homeostasis state). Components of a homeostatic system is a receptor‚ a control centre and an effector; The receptor that detects the change from a stimuli (when it becomes too hot or too cold) is a thermostat and/or a thermoreceptors. The thermoreceptors lies underneath the skin where it detects the change in skin temperature. The thermoreceptor
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pulse of electricity. However‚ there is no cellular continuity between one neuron and the next; there is a breach called synapse. The membranes of the sending and receiving cells are separated from each other by the fluid-filled synaptic gap. The signal cannot leap across the gap electrically‚ so special chemicals called neurotransmitters provide this role. As an electrical impulse travels down the extension of the cell‚ called the axon and arrives at its terminal‚ it triggers vesicles containing
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the meninges‚ and the cerebrospinal fluid protect it. B. The functions of components of a reflex arc are the receptor‚ sensory neuron‚ center‚ motor neuron and the effector. The receptor is responsible for activating a nerve impulse in a sensory neuron that responds to a change in the body’s internal and external environment. The sensory neuron conducts the impulse needed from the receptor to travel to its axonal end in the CNS. The center is the receiving area in which the incoming sensory impulse
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just opening your hand and raising your arm. It requires communication between your brain‚ muscles and organs. This starts with the neurons. Our organs sense things the brain needs to know. Signals are sent to the brain‚ it is decoded and then tells your brain what muscles to use and how. The signal is sent‚ a neurotransmitter. This is stored in the axon. An electrical impulse starts in the neuron. The charge is sent down the axon and this is how it starts. A neuron has three basic parts:
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