QUESTION 1 Describe in detail‚ the simple changes in synapses that happen during classical conditioning. Discuss the extent to which all forms of learning can be explained by these simple synaptic synaptic changes. The brain’s ability to learn‚ to change in response to experience and to store/retrieve learning through memory it is a fascinating process fundamental to one’s existence. The first scientific study of animal learning demonstrated a form of associative learning - classical
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by binding to platelet sur- face receptors and collagen. In addition‚ other platelet surface receptors can bind directly to collagen. 2. After platelets adhere to collagen‚ they become activated; in the platelet release reaction‚ adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‚ thromboxanes‚ and other chemicals are extruded from the platelets by exocytosis. The ADP and thromboxane bind to their respective receptors on the surfaces of other platelets‚ activating them. These activated platelets release additional chemicals
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Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse‚ a structure that permits to pass electrical or chemical signal to another cell from one neuron to another. Neurotransmitters are synthesized from converting substances that are readily available to the body such as amino acids‚ which are available from food and only need some converting into transmitters. Neurotransmitters crucial to daily life and functions. Scientists are uncertain exactly how many Neurotransmitters there are
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chemical reaction that make energy are oxidation 3) Water 4) Body Temperature 5) Appropriate atmospheric pressure Homeostasis - Ability to maintain relatively stable internal condition even though the outside world changes Simuli – receptor – Control center – effector Negative feedback - The output shuts off original effect of stimuli or reduce intensity Positive feedback - The response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated Chapter 2
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transmission: #‚ size‚ shape‚ etc Axon – conducts electrical signals from cell body to terminal Transmission occurs from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell Flow of information: synapse -> dendrite -> soma -> axon -> synapse Lecture 2 – Chapters 4 & 5 Ion channels and signalling - ions are separated by cell membrane; when ion channels are opened‚ ions flow -> generating electrical signals -> so neurons can communicate info through these electrical signals - neurons generate a constant negative voltage across
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is attached to the basal membrane by two factors. First‚ the satellite cell has a layer of integrin alpha7beta1 which lies on the side where growth factors and inhibitors from the vasculature‚ autocrine and motor neuron systems can be received to signal an active or inactive state. Anchoring the satellite cell and its layer of integrin to the basal membrane are laminin‚ creating a selectively permeable membrane. On the opposite side where the satellite cell resides in a small recess on the myofibril
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Psychology Final Review Part 1 What is Psychology? The study of the mind/psyche/mental processes and behaviour The symbol is the butterfly (human mortal in Greek myths named Psyche) Psychology is an objective study Three Fundamental Laws of Science 1. Define our variables 2. Observe our variables 3. Measure/quantify our variables B.F Skinner’s theory that we can infer behaviour and measure it Experimental Psychology Late 1800’s in Germany Basic principles of experimentation used to explain psychological
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This handy‚ pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer can sense the presence of an activated mobile cell phone from a distance of one
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be based on retrieving data from an array of inputs that will tell the condition of the floor space around the vacuum. These inputs include sonar‚ touch sensors‚ and a digital compass. Each of these parts will be described in further detail further on later in the documentation. The data from these inputs will be fed into the chip(s) which through its software program will decide which direction the vacuum should move by sending the control signals out to the drive motors. [pic]Figure
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Bacterial proteins cross link variable B domain of T-cell receptor to a chain class II MHC molecules. * Crosslink provides signals that induces T-cell activation * Binds outside of the antigens-binding cleft (no APC) * Activates any clones of T-cells expressing VB sequence * Causes polyclonal T-cell activation * Activated T-cells secrete large amount cytokines‚ IFN-γ * Excess IFN-γ activates macrophages * Activated macrophages overproduce proinflammatory cytokines such as
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