Exam 3 Review Sheet Equation for cellular respiration‚ be able to follow carbons from glucose to carbon dioxide Four stages of cellular respiration Glycolysis‚ location‚ three phases‚ output. Breakdown of pyruvate‚ location‚ input and output Citric acid cycle‚ overall goal‚ main processes. Oxidative phosphorylation‚ electron transport chain‚ final acceptor Chemiosmosis‚ role of H ions‚ role of ATP synthase Fermentation‚ steps in the process‚ alcoholic and lactate‚ where each occurs Be able
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Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System Lecture Outline Overview: The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators An animal hormone is a chemical signal that is secreted into the circulatory system that communicates regulatory messages within the body. A hormone may reach all parts of the body‚ but only specific target cells respond to specific hormones. A given hormone traveling in the bloodstream elicits specific responses from its target cells‚ while other cell types ignore that particular
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80 years of age (Neuhauser‚ 2007; Neuhauser et al‚ 2008). Vertigo is defined as the sensation of rotational motion in stationary individuals. In healthy individuals‚ motion is processed via three main sensory inputs: visual‚ vestibular (inner ear) and somatosensory. These collective signals are continuously processed in the brain to create an approximation of spatial orientation. The vestibular apparatus includes
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a specific receptor Each modality is conducted by sensory (afferent) neurons to the CNS and is the result of different neural pathways and synaptic connections 2. Sensory Pathways 3. Law of Specific Nerve Energy Each sensory neuron carries information about only one sensation: they usually respond best to one form of stimulus energy (but other stimuli can evoke a response) It ISN’T THE NEURON‚ it’s WHERE IT GOES IN THE CNS Normal or Adequate stimulus Allows receptors to function
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on mental disorders such as psychopathic behaviours. Neurotransmitters are neurons that create a specialised chemical that moves across the synapses of the brain‚ this result in the body being able to communicate using electrical signals to send messages and signals throughout our body. The body processes this information by using the lock-and-key
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Chapter 20: The Immune System The immune system has two intrinsic systems: 1. Innate (nonspecific) defense system 2. Adaptive (specific) defense system The immune system is a functional system rather than structural; there are no specific immune system organs Pathogen: a disease-causing agent; anything foreign in our body that causes disease Three lines of defense: 1st: external barriers 2nd: several non-specific defense mechanisms 3rd: immunity‚ specific resistance to disease
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Acetylcholine binds to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors found on the chemically gated channels of the sarcolemma‚ and triggers the influx of Na+ ions. The influx of Na+ depolarizes the membrane as the action potential travels down the sarcolemma and t-tubules‚ and triggers voltage-gated DHP receptors to change shape and pull open the mechanical gated ryanodine Ca2+ channels on the SR. Ca2+ enters the sarcoplasm from the
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by specific‚ high-affinity receptors These receptors may be located either on the surface of target tissue‚ within the cytosol‚ or in the target cell’s nucleus Once a hormone is recognized by its target tissue or tissues‚ it can exert its biologic action by a process known as signal transduction PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTIION Chemical signalling can occur through endocrine‚ paracrine or autocrine pathways In classic endocrine signalling‚ a hormone carries a signal from a secretory gland across
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Homeostasis is the maintenance of the relatively constant physiological state of the internal environment‚ the biological term meaning ‘same state’‚ is the control of the body’s internal conditions despite fluctuations in the external environment. Blood glucose refers to the sugar that is transported through the bloodstream to supply energy to all the cells in our bodies. Cells in the body need glucose for respiration through mitochondria‚ which produces ATP- the energy source for all processes of
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the process of transduction‚ turn light into neural signals that the brain can process to create conscious sight. Many complex functions and deeper branches of vision are made possible by this process and others‚ color vision being just one of many. The brain allows organisms to perceive colors by sensing different wavelengths of light
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