Chemoreception The senses of gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell) fall under the category of chemoreception. Specialized cells act as receptors for certain chemical compounds. As these compounds react with the receptors‚ an impulse is sent to the brain and is registered as a certain taste or smell. Gustation and olfaction are chemical senses because the receptors they contain are sensitive to the molecules in the food we eat‚ along with the air we breathe. Gustatory System In humans‚ the sense
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also types of white blood cells‚ with neutrophils being the most common and the first to mount a defense against invading cells. Acting on the signal of basophils‚ neutrophils immediately respond by releasing enzymes that break down bacteria‚ foreign cells‚ and other microscopic threats. Without the necessary basophilic signal‚ neutrophils must rely on signals from damaged tissue or proteins from invading bacteria to cue a response. When a particular threat involves cells too large for neutrophils
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PE 220 EXAM 2 NOTE Cards Term Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule? Definition integral membrane protein Term If the direction of the net flux of an ion is against its electrochemical gradient‚ then that transport is passive. Definition False Term Of the gradients listed below‚ which is the most accurate description of the force that ultimately determines the movement of ions across the membrane? Definition Electrochemical gradient Term Which of the following pairs of
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called neurotransmitters. At this juncture‚ the neuron transmitting the information/signal is referred to as the presynaptic cell‚ while the cell receiving the signal is the postsynaptic cell. Glial cells‚ or glia‚ are support cells that nourish the neurons and insulate the axons‚ while regulating the extracellular fluid around the neurons. At the end‚ the axon is divided into many branches‚ from where the signal passing through the axon is transmitted to the next cell via a junction known as the
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Final Study Guide-PSIO 36 questions Unit 1 1. Vena cava--right atrium--tricuspid valve--right ventricle--pulmonary valve--pulmonary artery--pulmonary vein--left atrium--bicuspid valve--left ventricle--aortic valve--aorta 2. SA node--AV node--AV bundle--right and left bundle branches--conducting myofibers (purkinje fibers) a. pacemaker cells in SA node spontaneously discharge action potentials at a rate of 100-120+ per minute *AP process: 1. depolarization due to na inflow when voltage gated
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the brain in ways that we couldn’t even imagine. From destroying brain cells that help with critical thinking to destroying cells that give us the ability to feel pleasure. Drugs take the place of our natural body functions of the body. They fool receptors of the body and make it to where our bodies produce less of what we need. Over a period of time this may produce very severe consequences on the body. With all the risks involved with drugs it’s a wonder why some people use them. Introduction
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105‚ 533–545. Ivanova‚ N.B.‚ Dimos‚ J.T.‚ Schaniel‚ C.‚ Hackney‚ J.A.‚ Moore‚ K.A.‚ and Lemischka‚ I.R. (2002). A stem cell molecular signature. Science 298‚ 601–604. Jamora‚ C.‚ DasGupta‚ R.‚ Kocieniewski‚ P.‚ and Fuchs‚ E. (2003). Links between signal transduction‚ transcription and adhesion in epithelial bud development. Nature 422‚ 317–322. Kai‚ T.‚ and Spradling‚ A. (2003). An empty Drosophila stem cell niche reactivates the proliferation of ectopic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100‚ 4633–4638
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the primary input structures of the basal ganglia‚ receiving excitatory input from the cerebral cortex. The globus pallidus and the substantia nigra are the primary output structures‚ sending inhibitory output signals to the thalamus and brainstem. Therefore increased Basal Ganglia output results in an increase inhibition of thalamocortcical and brainstem targets‚ which are responsible for pre motor control. In addition to the striatum receiving cortical input it also receives input from dopamine
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levels to 7. Bobryshev‚ Y.A.‚ and Lord‚ R.S.A. (1995). Ultrastructural recognition of cells with dendritic cell morphology in human aortic intima: contacting interactions 8. Boisvert‚ W.A.‚ Santiago‚ R‚ et al. (1998). A leukocyte homologue of the IL-8 receptor CXCR-2 mediates the accumulation of macrophages in 9. Boring‚ L.‚ Gosling‚ J.‚ Cleary‚ M.‚ and Charo‚ I.F. (1998). Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-/- mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of 10. Bresalier‚ R.S.‚ Sandler‚ R.S.‚ Quan
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The senses transmit sensory information’s‚ in the form of electrochemical impulses‚ to the brain. Different forms of energy stimulate the sensory receptors – the nerve endings and cells that detect sensory information. The sensory receptors then initiate neural impulses. Sensation occurs when the neural impulses arrive at the cerebral cortex. Neural impulses that begin in the optic nerve are sent to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex‚ and we see objects. Each person’s unique perception results
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