from its premises‚ then the argument should be regarded as __________. a. inductive b. deductive c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 5. Which of the following is not a common pattern of deductive reasoning? a. statistical argument b. categorical syllogism c. argument from elimination d. argument by definition 6. Denying the antecedent arguments have the following pattern: a. If A then B; if B then C; so‚ if A then C. b. If A then B; not A; so‚ not B. c. If A then B; not B; so‚ not A. d. If not A
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THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM The categorical syllogism is the principal form of deductive interference. Its absolute manner of inferring when applied to certain premises is the kind most suited for imparting scientific and philosophical knowledge. We may describe the Categorical Syllogism as a form of mental discourse wherein two concepts are compared to a third ‘middle concept’‚ and from the agreement of both with the middle concept‚ the mind infers agreement of both concepts among themselves;
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premises. The syllogism is used in deductive thinking. Categorical‚ hypothetical‚ and disjunctive syllogisms are three different types used for deductive thinking. A categorical syllogism uses a form of argument that either affirms or denies whether a topic is an element of a group or has a definite property. Hypothetical syllogisms follow an if-then statement. It is making a hypothetical assumption that if something happens‚ then something else will happen. Disjunctive syllogisms use either/or statements
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According to Aristotle‚ one of the greatest philosophers “every human being must philosophize because first of all philosophy is everybody’s business; every time we reason‚ we use philosophy. WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY PHILOSOPHY? a. It helps us clarify issues‚ discriminate among options and make better decisions. Philosophy helps us to choose the better choice or options. b. Philosophy has a practical side. Philosophy is something that we can do. It helps us to be critical and with the
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import of a proposition Venn diagram for categorical propositions 4. Categorical Logic (II) Structure of a standard categorical syllogism Relation between the structure of syllogisms and their validity Venn diagram for categorical syllogisms Translating ordinary language statements into categorical form The conversion of non-standard syllogisms to standard syllogisms 5. Propositional Logic (I) Logical operators and their truth-table definitions Translations of
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arguments. 6. What is syllogism? Syllogism is a chain of reasoning moving from general‚ universal principles to specific instances. 7. What is an enthymeme? An enthymeme is a shortened syllogism. It serves the purpose of a more practical and beneficial way to argue. 8. How do you derive an enthymeme from a syllogism? To derive an enthymeme from a syllogism is to take out the universal principal and create a more practical argument. It’s basically to summarize the syllogism to the key point.
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concept of | |Philosophy |argument to the root issue and |get to the fundamental issue. |logical reasoning through | | |proceed from there. | |syllogism. | |Methods of Acquiring |Used the dialectic method to acquire |Sensory perception is not a valid |Some things can be intuitively | |Knowledge |knowledge. |means of acquiring knowledge
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Reasoning In the case of deductive reasoning – the goal is to produce a sound argument. A deductive argument in sound if the reasoning is valid (meaning the form is correct) and the premises are true. Syllogisms Grouped into three categories – categorical‚ disjunctive‚ hypothetical Categorical Syllogisms whether things belong or do not The major premise and minor premise and conclusion express things that categorize things Proceeds from a general premise to specific conclusion All CS include:
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from the premise and determines the validity of the theory Syllogism 1. What makes something a syllogism? A syllogism is the ability to assemble a conclusion from the connecting information gathered to form the inference 2. Why do people use syllogisms? Syllogisms are ways to prove a truth or validate a cause. A syllogism offers a sequence of rational to support the theory 3. How do people create syllogisms? Syllogisms are created from questions that are categorically correct. Constructing
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[pic] PCR0025 Critical Thinking All Foundation ONLINE NOTES Topic 3: Argumentation • Argument is a claim put forward and defended with reasons. • Arguments are composed of: 1. Premises 2. Conclusion • Statement: A sentence that can sensibly be regarded as either true or false. • 2 things about statements: 1. A sentence may be used to express more than one statement. 2. Not all sentences are statements
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