steps of the citric acid cycle. Differentiate between citric acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle. Relate citric acid cycle as energy source. The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle 3 processes play central roles in aerobic metabolism. The citric acid cycle. Electron transport . Oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolism consists of: Catabolism: the oxidative breakdown of nutrients. Anabolism: the reductive synthesis of biomolecules. • The citric acid cycle is amphibolic
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18.1.4 – 18.1.6 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING ACIDS AND BASES Review of Important formulas pH = ‐ log10[H+] [H+] = 10‐pH pKa = ‐ log10 Ka Ka = 10‐pKa pOH = ‐ log10[OH‐] [OH‐] = 10‐pOH pKb = ‐ log10 Kb Kb = 10‐pKb The ionic product of water = Kw = [H+] x [OH‐] = 1.0 x 10‐14 mol2 dm‐6 at 298 K The expression varies with temperature
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Lewis Acids and BasesLewis acids and bases play an important role in chemical reactions because‚ except oxidation-reduction reactions‚ almost every reaction could be categorized as an acid-base reaction. Bases in water solutions show certain specific characteristics: bitter taste‚ feel slippery‚ and turn litmus paper blue. Acids in water solutions show these most common characteristics: sour taste‚ react with metals‚ and turn litmus paper red. The understanding of chemical reactions‚ such as acid
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of acetylsalicylic acid Results and Data treatment (A) Preparation of aspirin i) Details about the reactants Reaction of the acetylation of salicylic acid is following From the balanced reaction above‚ it can be seen that the stoichiometry between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride is 1: 1. In this experiment‚ 21.7mmol of salicylic acid was used to react 6.0mL of acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was limiting reagent. The expected amount of salicylic acid used: 21.7/1000*138
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Title: Estimation of Ascorbic acid Aim: To determine the ascorbic acid content of canned apple and orange juice To determine the volume of canned juice necessary to provide 75mg of Vitamin C Introduction: For the estimation of ascorbic acid‚ the method used involved the titration of the ascorbic acid‚ in the presence of a redox indicator 2‚6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) which acts as both an oxidant so as to oxidise the ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid‚ and it acts as an indicator
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The first one‚ “Seventh Grade”‚ the main conflict is internal. Meaning it takes place inside your mind or body. Victor‚ the main character‚ has a crush and every time he is near her he seems to always say something dumb. The second one‚ “The Melting Pot”‚ main conflicts are external and towards different groups of people. Anna‚ the main character‚ lives in a neighborhood that is ethnically diverse. Some of the people are new comers and the rest are old timers. Ann is one of both because she
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Lecture 5 Lizan A. Majeed Reading Paragraph Purpose Each paragraph in a text has a clear purpose. For example: The first paragraph introduces the topic‚ states the purpose of the text‚ or describes a problem or situation. The body paragraphs develop arguments‚ try to persuade‚ suggest solutions‚ or describe developments. The final paragraph concludes‚ evaluates‚ or discusses consequences. Identifying the purpose of each paragraph helps you understand the text and decide where
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concentrated sulphuric acid at the chemical plant where I work at as the Safety Engineer. In this report‚ I will explain what Sulfuric Acid is‚ the health risks and hazards associated with it‚ the safety precautions that should be taken and how the spill should be handled. Sulfuric Acid‚ H2SO4‚ also commonly known as battery acid or vitriol‚ is one of the top products in the chemical industry‚ with 40 million tons produced annually in the U.S. It is a colourless‚ odourless and oily mineral acid that is soluble
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Acid and Base Titrations: Preparing Standardized Solutions Introduction: This experiment focuses on titrations of acids and bases. A titration depends on addition of a known volume of solution and is a type of volumetric analysis. Many titrations involve either acid-base reactions or oxidation-reduction reactions. In this experiment we do one of each. We monitor the pH of the reaction with the use of a color indicator. We also learn about the standardization of bases (NaOH) and acids (HCl) which
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PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID Introduction: Citric acid is a White solid‚C3H4OH(COOH)3‚soluble in water and slightly soluble in organic solvents‚ which melts at 153 oC. Aqueous solutions of citric acid are slightly more acidic than solutions of acetic acid. Traces of citric acid are found in numerous plants and animals‚ because it is a nearly universal intermediate product of metabolism. Large amount of the acid are found in the juice of citrus fruits‚ from which it is precipitated by the
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