Chemistry * a science that dealing with the structure‚ composition and properties of items and with the transformations that they undergo * the composition and chemical properties of a substance * chemical processes and phenomena (as of an organism) Examples: - Digestion; enzymes promoting chemical reactions that power our bodies. Lifting your arm requires your body to make and burn ATP using oxygen with carbon dioxide as one of the waste gases produced. - The internal combustion
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properties 9.15 Transition elements 9.16 Noble gases 9 Metals 10.1 Properties of metals 10.2 Reactivity series 10.3 (a) Extraction of metals 10.3 (b) Uses of metals 10 Air and water 11 Sulphur 12 Carbonates 13 Organic chemistry 14.4 Names of compounds 14.5 Fuels 14.6 Homologous series 14.7 Alkanes 14.8 Alkenes 14.9 Alcohols 14.10 Acids 14.11 Macromolecules 14.8 (a) Synthetic polymers
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concentration of H+(aq) ions by titrimetric analysis. 9 F The hydrogen gas formed in the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid CANNOT escape from a closed reaction vessel. Thus‚ the mass of the reaction mixture would NOT decrease as the reaction proceeds. 10 F It is difficult to measure the volume of water produced from the reaction between oxalate ions and permanganate ions in aqueous solution. 1 11 T During the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution‚ oxygen gas is formed. 2H2O2(aq)
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Chemical decomposition can be defined as the separation of chemical compounds into smaller‚ simpler compounds (New World Encyclopedia‚ 2009). It is often considered an undesirable outcome of a chemical reaction. Radiation‚ humidity‚ heat‚ and acidity affect the stability of chemical compounds. Molecules‚ when put under harsh environmental conditions may break up into smaller particles. Decomposition can also be defined as the breakdown of one phase into two or more phases. Thermal‚ electrolytic‚
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CHEMICAL REACTION (SYNTHESIS REACTION‚ DECOMPOSITION AND SINGLE REAPLACEMENT REACTION) Purpose : 1. To identify the chemical changes 2. To observe the effect of temperature of a chemical reaction. Theoritical basic : A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically‚ chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between
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81 kcal/mol 62.55 cal/degree mol 10.68 cal/degree mol 6.16 kcal/mol Preparation Nitrosyl chloride can be prepared by the reaction of nitric oxide with chlorine: 2NO + Cl2 → 2ClNO Also‚ nitrosyl chloride is produced by the action of chlorine on sodium nitrate; or by the reaction of nitrosyl sulfuric acid with hydrochloric acid: NaNO3 + Cl2 → ClNO + NaClO2 ONHSO4 + HCl → ClNO + H2 SO4 Nitrosyl chloride also is obtained as a byproduct in the manufacture of potassium nitrate from potassium chloride
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IGCSE Complete Chemistry Notes Unit 1: States of matter Everything is made of particles. Particles in solid are not free to move around. Liquids and gases can. As particles move they collide with each other and bounce off in all directions. This is called random motion. In 2 substances‚ when mixed‚ particles bounce off in all directions when they collide. This mixing process is called diffusion. It’s also the movement of particles without a force. The smallest particle
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15 molecules of 3717Cl2 ? 2 37Cl in each molecule x (37 17) neutrons per 37Cl x 15 molecules Cl2 = 2 x 20 x 15 neutrons = 600 neutrons 16. What is the ratio of oxygen atoms to hydrogen atoms in the mineral carnotite‚ which has
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Contaminated with small amounts of one or more other substances Elements: Pure substances which cannot be decomposed into simpler substances Compounds: Pure substances which can be decomposed into simpler substances 2 or more elements E.g. Table salt (sodium chloride)‚ water and elements. Atoms: The particles that make up elements An atom is the smallest particle of an element which is still recognisable as that element. A molecule: Smallest particle of a substance that is capable of separate existence
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Introduction Weathering is the breakdown and alteration of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth’s surface into products that are more in equilibrium with the conditions found in this environment. Most rocks and minerals are formed deep within the Earth’s crust where temperatures and pressures differ greatly from the surface. Because the physical and chemical nature of materials formed in the Earth’s interior are characteristically in disequilibrium with conditions occurring on the surface.
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