Matthew Irwin – H00101376 Process Intensification – B51GD Esterification and Polymerisation in PET production Process Overview Polyethylene terephthalate is a polymer with broad applications worldwide‚ and one of the most produced polymers manufactured globally each year. It main application is the bottling industry where approximately 14.7 Mt in 2009. PET resin is produced conventionally in a two - step process displayed in figure 1.9. The first stage is the esterification of Terephthalic acid
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Abstract The aim of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for naphthalene. This is the some basic bomb procedures. In this experiment‚ we us naphthalene as a fuel in bomb calorimeter which naphthalene powder is turned to pellet using pellet press. The fuel is burnt at constant volume condition in a high pressure container (the bomb). The whole bomb‚ pressurized with excess of oxygen. The mass of iron wire‚ ma =0.02g. The mass of naphthalene pellet with iron wire‚ mb =0.38g. The
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determine the vapour pressure curve. Introduction Properties of a fluid can change when heat and work are applied to it. There’s an interchange between the fluid and its surroundings when heat and work are applied according to the study of thermodynamics. Substances such as gases and vapors are often referred as P-V-T substances. Theory: An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that the pressure‚ specific volume or density‚ and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant
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Water‚ Molar mass Triple Point The temperature and pressure at which solid‚ liquid‚ and gaseous water coexist in equilibrium is called the triple point of water. This point is used to define the units of temperature (the kelvin‚ the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature and‚ indirectly‚ the degree Celsius and even the degree Fahrenheit). As a consequence‚ water’s triple point temperature is a prescribed value rather than a measured quantity. The triple point is at a temperature of 273.16 K (0.01
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Activity 33 PS-2826 Latent Heat of Fusion Thermodynamics: phase change‚ latent heat of fusion‚ melting Qty 1 1 1 1 1L 0.5 L 1 Equipment and Materials PASPORT Xplorer GLX Fast-Response Temperature Probe (included with GLX) Basic Calorimetry Set (1 calorimeter cup) Balance Water‚ about 15 degrees warmer than room temperature Ice‚ crushed Towel Part Number PS-2002 PS-2135 TD-8557 SE-8723 Purpose The purpose of this activity is to determine the amount of thermal energy needed to change a specific
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the average heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter was calculated to be 10.60.3205 kJ/K. From that‚ the These results show that heats of combustions of unknown substances can be determined via bomb calorimetry. Introduction The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved.2 Using that law it can be said that the change in the internal energy of a system () depends on the heat added (q) to the system and the work (w) done by the system.2 Equation 1 illustrates the relationship between
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Binary Solutions Composition as a thermodynamic variable Gibbs free energy of binary solutions Entropy of formation and Gibbs free energy of an ideal solution Chemical potential of an ideal solution Regular solutions: Heat of formation of a solution Activity of a component‚ Henry’s and Raoult’s laws Real solutions: interstitial solid solutions‚ ordered phases‚ intermediate phases‚ compounds Equilibrium in heterogeneous systems Reading: Chapter 1.3 of Porter and Easterling‚ Chapters 9.5‚ 9.6‚ 9.9
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Experiment 12 Calorimetry and Heat of Reactions ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PERFORMANCE GOALS: 1. To learn how to use of a calorimeter 2. To learn how to collect and manipulate data in the computer 3. To calculate the calorimeter constant 4. To use Hess’ Law to find the heat or formation of magnesium oxide CHEMICAL OVERVIEW: • Enthalphy: (ΔH) : when chemical or physical changes occur at a constant
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STATEMENT OF PURPOSE “Education is a companion which no future can depress‚ no crime can destroy‚ no enemy can alienate it and no nepotism can enslave” It is this maxim that urged me to think higher right from my young age. Science has always been a fascination and more of a miracle to me. The wonders that science and technology have unfolded before us are not limited to time and space. My aim in life is
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sit on top for a bit. As the heat from the honey transfers to the colder water‚ the water molecules will speed up. This allows the tea to become thinner and the honey will begin to sink in and dissolve. The first statement of the second law of thermodynamics describes the behavior of two objects at different temperatures (Trefil & Hazen‚ 2011‚ p. 82). Here‚ the faster molecules of the honey are moving the slower molecules of the tea along. The second example involves me enjoying a snack of stinky
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