product • Required purity of product What do we consider in design of process? • Environmental Impact – Physical – Economic – Social • Becoming the Primary Consideration! Learning Objectives • Thermochemical Fundamentals – Thermodynamics----Can we?---- How can we? – Heat and mass balance---- how much energy/ product/raw material? • Be aware of main processes used for materials production • Be able to relate the design of these processes to the fundamentals. Characteristics
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Chapter 5 Notes The study of energy and its transformations is called thermodynamics. An aspect of thermodynamics that deals with the relationships between chemical reactions and energy changes involving heat is called thermochemistry. 5.1 The Nature of Energy Energy is defined as the capacity to do work or produce heat. Work is the energy used to cause an object with mass to move. Heat is the energy of an object that causes its temperature to increase. Kinetic and Potential Energy
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experiment is to find the relation between pressure and volume for the expansion of air in a pressure vessel – this expansion is a thermodynamic process. Introduction The expansion or compression of a gas can be described by the polytropic relation ‚ where p is pressure‚ v is specific volume‚ c is a constant and the exponent n depends on the thermodynamic process. In our experiment compressed air in a steel pressure vessel is discharged to the atmosphere while the air remaining inside
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96. Operations Management 10e William J. Stevenson Solutions manual 96. Operations Management 10e William J. Stevenson Solutions manual Source: http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Sci/sci.engr/2009−05/msg00015.html • From: "solutionsservice@xxxxxxxxxxx" • Date: Mon‚ 25 May 2009 09:43:56 −0700 (PDT) solutions manual and Test Bank contact with ‚ solutionsservice (at) hotmail.com (my email address‚solutionsservice@xxxxxxxxxxx )‚ these are parts of our solutions‚ if the solution you
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1.1 Background Thermodynamic cycle can be divided into two that are power cycle and refrigeration cycle. The cycle that produce net amount of works is called power cycle. The power cycle that can remain it working fluid in gaseous phase is called gas power cycle. There are many types of cycle in gas power cycle such as Otto cycle‚ Diesel cycle‚ Bryton cycle‚ Stirling cycle and Ericson cycle. The Otto cycle is known as ideal cycle for spark-ignition cycle while the Diesel cycle is known as compression-ignition
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The hypothesis about heat death of the universe Our knowledge of the universe is still negligible‚ and we can not confidently assert that the universe is not under the influence of external forces‚ or may be considered as a thermodynamic system. However‚ it is the concept of heat death was the first step to realize the possible finiteness of the Universe‚ although we do not know when and on what scenario will happen of its destruction. At the present stage of existence (13.72 billion years)‚
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thus‚ the number of molecules of each substances becomes constant. Thermodynamics is a branch of physical science that involves the relationship between heat and other forms of energy (Energy‚ Enthalpy‚ and the First Law of Thermodynamics). There is a more specific area of thermodynamics that explicitly pertains to chemical reactions. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) is a chemical variable that expresses the balance between thermodynamic properties‚ known as enthalpy and entropy. Enthalpy is the heat absorbed
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Simultaneous Determination of Several Thermodynamic Quantities: K‚ ∆G°‚ ∆H°‚ and ∆S° Submitted by: Feldan P. Villarta Submitted to: Mrs. Gloria Jesusa D. Baltazar Chemistry 73 (Laboratory) August 11‚ 2014 Simultaneous Determination of Several Thermodynamic Quantities: K‚ ∆G°‚ ∆H°‚ and ∆S° Feldan P. Villarta I. INTRODUCTION The solubility product constant‚ Ksp‚ is the equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous solution. It represents
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certain points‚ the values are not the same. Thismay because of the errors made in the experiment. 2. Introduction 3. Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work between a system and thesurroundings which occurs when the system undergoes a process. Thermodynamic alsoconcerned about the changes in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substancessuch as gases and vapours are often referred as P-V-T substances.An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the
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come readily to mind are the effects on the human body‚ thermodynamics and plate tectonics. Without friction‚ many functions of the human body would not work. Procreation would be impossible as friction is necessary for the male orgasm. Digestion would be impossible as the human body uses friction to digest and move food throughout the body. Under conditions where the coefficient of friction is 0 on all surfaces‚ the laws of Thermodynamics would be useless (Goulding). Since friction creates heat
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