The 7 Layers of the OSI Model Last updated: March 03‚ 2008 The OSI‚ or Open System Interconnection‚ model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next‚ starting at the application layer in one station and proceeding to the bottom layer‚ over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. |Application |This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners
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Instructor: Ma ’am Lioanag Section: Civil Engineering 1-19 Date Performed: July 27 ‚ 2013 Group No.: 3 Date Submitted: August 3 ‚ 2013 Experiment No. 4 : PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION The objective of this experiment was to resolve a given sample into its components by paper chromatography‚ to evaluate the retention factor of each component in the sample and to compare the relative solubility of the various components of a mixture of colors in a given solvent. METHODOLOGY
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A Glance at the Session Layer of the OSI Model Throughout the history of networking‚ one model has stood the test of time for providing not only insight‚ but also a foundation by which all networking systems utilize in some form or fashion. The seven layers of the OSI model‚ which stands for Open System Interconnect‚ are: Application‚ Presentation‚ Session‚ Transport‚ Network‚ Data link‚ and Physical. These layers are the framework for networking‚ because they represent the roadmap‚ rules‚ and
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Separation techniques LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ‘THE ART OF SEPARATION’ CHROMATOGRAPHY – AN INTRODUCTION Chromatography is a technique through which a mixture of chemical components are separated‚ identified and determined accurately. This technique while provides a way for analytical separations‚ also useful for preparative techniques by which pure compounds can be obtained. Detector Signal Blue Compound Sample Injection + Mobile Phase Retention Time Red Compound It is i defined d fi d as a
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Gas chromatography (GC) is a type of chromatography that uses a carrier gas as the mobile phase and a column as the stationary phase. The sample is injected into the instrument and is heated until the sample‚ which includes both analyte and solvent‚ boils. The analyte must have
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ROLE OF YOUTH IN OZONE LAYER PROTECTION Ozone layer plays a vital role in protecting animals‚ human beings and plants from ultraviolet radiation. Ozone layer is destroyed by a group of manufactured or human made chemicals such as chlorine bromine. These chemicals are called "ozone-depleting substances". Ozone layer is destroyed by some natural’s ways and some humane made activities. A single molecule of chlorine can break apart thousands of molecules of ozone. Chlorofluorocarbons the most widely
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social circles‚ backgrounds‚ or cultures‚ making the need for quality our first objective” (Easy in Organizations 2009). Managers must encourage and reprimand based on actual occurrences and work productivity rather than the differences in the four layers of diversity‚ personality and internal‚ external and organizational dimensions we possess that make up the diversity (Kinicki‚ A and Kreitner‚ R. 98). Diversity by definition is the “multitude of individual differences and similarities
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Experiment 9- Thin Lenses Introduction Experiment 9 introduced us to the concept of thin lenses. We were asked to determine the focal lengths of two converging lenses and one diverging lens. The following equations were used to calculate the focal lengths: 1/p + 1/q = 1/f where p is equal to the distance of the object from the lens and q is equal to the image length from the lens‚ and f is the focal point and 1/converging F+ 1/diverging F = 1/combined. The focal point is positive for converging
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4. The Medium Access Sub Layer Broadcast channels [or multi-access channels] are a category of networks and the key issue is how to determine who gets to use the channel when there is competition for it. The protocols which define these factors belong to a sub layer of data link layer called the MAC(medium access control)sub layer. ALOHA: Norman Abramson devised a new and elegant method to solve the channel allocation problem called the “ALOHA” system which used ground-based Radio broad
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Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Instructor: Dr. Hüseyin BOZKURT High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is one mode of chromatography‚ the most widely used analytical technique. Chromatographic processes can be defined as separation techniques involving mass-transfer between stationary and mobile phases. Present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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