Chemistry CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA: GENERAL CONCEPTS THE NATURE OF THE EQUILIBRIUM STATE: Equilibrium is the state where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. At these conditions‚ concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time once equilibrium has been established at constant temperature. (In stoichiometry‚ we dealt with equations that went to completion; often equilibrium equations are going to fall short of this goal.) Reactions are reversible
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feature of a system at equilibrium is its ability to return to equilibrium after a change in conditions moves it away from the state. this drive to reattain equilibrium is state in Le Chatelier’s principle: when a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed‚ it reattain equilibrium by undergoing a net reaction that reduce the effect of the disturbance. Two phrases in this statement need further explanation. First‚ what does it means to ‘disturb’ a system? At equilibrium‚ Q equals K. When a change
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KINESTHETIC‚ (STATIC) EQUILIBRIUM AND ORGANIC SENSES * STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Equilibrium or balance monitors the position and movement of the whole body. In a strict sense‚ inner ear is the biological gyroscopes for sense of balance. EQUILIBRIUM * Hair cells in the vestibular membrane or semicircular canals of the inner ear are receptors for balancing. Vestibular sacs which connect the canals with the cochlea are substances that move when the head rotates or tilts. * Head movements
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One possible application of Game Theory is in advertising. Advertising involves the promotion of products so as to show the product to a greater number of people. The goal of advertising is to make more people aware of a company’s product so t hat more people would avail of this product or service‚ and this would mean more revenues for the company. One way that American Eagle Outfitters can approach this goal is to expand the current market of consumers. This will need directing promotional activities
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Acid-Base and Equilibrium: Why are mountain climbers at an increased risk of hypoxia? Equilibrium is a state in which both reactants and products are present in a concentration. An equilibrium reaction is a reversible reaction that can move both forward and backwards direction and be equal to each other. Equilibrium is reached when there are no further changes in the concentration of both the product and reactant. Le Chaterlier’s Principle states that when equilibrium is disturbed‚ the rate
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and Parkin‚ G. F. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering‚ 5th ed.‚ McGraw Hill‚ 2003. Theory The dissolution and evolution of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the air-water system can be represented by the equation: [pic] (1) which has the equilibrium constant: [pic] (2) where aO2(aq) is the activity of oxygen in the water and fO2(g) is the fugacity‚ or activity‚ of oxygen in the gas phase. When the fugacity of oxygen is approximated by its partial pressure (PO2) and the activity
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this experiment is to understand the components of a reaction at chemical equilibrium and use Le Chatelier’s principle to predict the direction an equilibrium position will shift upon changes in the concentration‚ temperature‚ and pressure. It was determined that in the equilibrium of chromate and dichromate it is an exothermic reaction and in the equilibrium of ferrocyanide and ferric ferrocyanide that it is an equilibrium shift to the left after adding NaOH. Experiment and Observation: The purpose
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to the theory is interactive decision theory. Game theory is mainly used in economics‚ political science‚ and psychology‚ as well as logic and biology. In game theory‚ the Nash equilibrium is a solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players‚ in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players‚ and no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy unilaterally. If each player has chosen a strategy and no player can benefit
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outcome for the players jointly; both players would prefer that neither of them confess. For this reason‚ the Prisoners dilemma is the paradigmatic example of self-interested‚ rational behaviour not leading to a socially optimal result. In a Nash equilibrium‚ each player’s
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Chemistry 12 Santa Monica College Determination of Kc for a Complex Ion Formation Objectives • • Find the value of the equilibrium constant for formation of FeSCN2+ by using the visible light absorption of the complex ion. Confirm the stoichiometry of the reaction. Background In the study of chemical reactions‚ chemistry students first study reactions that go to completion. Inherent in these familiar problems—such as calculation of theoretical yield‚ limiting reactant‚ and percent yield—is
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