Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed Over Time? Tim Loughran and Jay Ritter* lu the l9SOs. the average first-day rcliirn on inilial public offerings (IPOs) was 7%‚ The average firsl-day return doubled to almost I5 ’ ’ ’i during 1990-1998. before jumping to 65% during Ihe internet bubble years of 1999-2000 and then reverting la / i % during 2001-2003. We attribute much of the higher underpricing during the bubble period to a changing issuer objective function. We argue that in the later periods there
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in the United States and around the world that has skyrocketed since the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Since then‚ the primary domestic terrorism threat has been from groups labeled as eco-terrorist‚ such as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF)‚ according to Sivan Hirsch-Hoefler and Cas Mudde in their article Ecoterrorism: Threat or Political Ploy?. With this fact at hand‚ it is impossible to believe that any ecoterrorist movement could do good to the United States besides
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The article’s aim was to find a way to help African American students form being affected by the “Stereotype threat”. This is a behavior that targets students’ ability to focus academically based on the negative stenotypes that are implemented on their intelligence. When comparing African American Students tend to obtain lower grades in collage than White students. There is a disagreement of where intelligence comes from. There is a side that claims that intelligence comes form the environment and
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A Threat to a Nation Communism is a dangerous system which will ultimately result in an oppressive regime. To demonstrate this is the country of Russia. During the time frame of 1917-1991‚ the country of Russia had a communist based economic system. Thus‚ meaning that its government possessed “the” full “control of” its “industry and of all the branches of production” done by its many businesses‚ and/or affiliates‚ even if they were not huge‚ and/or name branded (Document 3‚ #1). While
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many presidents were involved in. Nowadays‚ there are presidents who still decide to risk their lives doing their jobs to try and improve America. There may not have always been an attempt on a president’s lives‚ but there have definitely been many threats‚ which keeps the Secret Service on alert. America always mourns when its leader is wounded. Presidential assassinations first began 1865 and the last one to take place was in 1963. It may seem like a whole lot of time but in these 98
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Major Research Project on “IMPACT OF IPO/FPO’s PERFORMANCE IN INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET.” Supervised By - Submitted By - Prof. Dr Mitchell Bharadwaj Ashish Gupta MBA 1st Year(2nd SEM) CONTENT S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. Introduction 3-4 2. Method of Pricing of IPO/FPO in India 4 3. Literature Review 5-7 4. Rationale of study 8 5. Objectives 9 6. Research Methodology
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A look at the history of politics & one would see disturbed relations between India and China. A recent report showed that more than four-fifths of respondents viewed China as a security threat. The poll reveals multiple reasons for this mistrust‚ including China’s possession of nuclear weapons‚ competition for resources in third countries‚ China’s efforts to strengthen its relations with other countries in the Indian Ocean region‚ and the China-India border dispute China deals with countries based
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2.0 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES PRODUCTS 3.1 Switching costs Switching cost is a negative cost that consumers get regarding to the changing suppliers‚ brands‚ or products (Investopedia 2012). There are four different methods of switching costs that involve when substituting to another product. The four different methods are learning cost‚ opportunity cost‚ implementation cost‚ and conversion cost. Each method has own different values‚ however these cost does not involved to the electronic industry
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Boundary less World – A Threat The world today is divided into 243 countries and each country has a unique identity of its own depicting its own culture‚ heritage‚ and traditions. Often people say idealistic things like “we created the borders and not God”‚ but the fact is‚ it is these borders which have helped us to live and breed in peace and harmony. If we turn back and look at the earlier times‚ what existed before was almost a boundary less world with Britain‚ Russia and USA controlling most
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1. Social media enables the spread of unreliable and false information. 49.1% of people have heard false news via social media. On Sep. 5‚ 2012 false rumors of fires‚ shootouts‚ and caravans of gunmen in a Mexico City suburb spread via Twitter and Facebook caused panic‚ flooded the local police department with over 3‚000 phone calls‚ and temporarily closed schools. Shashank Tripathi‚ tweeting as @ComfortablySmug‚ spread false information in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy by posting on Twitter that
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