The purpose of this experiment is to separate a solution of an acidic and organic compound and purify its respective acidic product through the techniques of an acid base extraction‚ recrystallization‚ and use of Melt Temp (melting point range). The reaction of an unknown acid (3-chlorobenzoic acid) with diethyl and sodium hydroxide was observed‚ and the solution naturally separated into an aqueous and organic solution. The mixture of acid and organic solution was created and then separated through
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Acids And BAses Acids And BAses 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Theories of acids and bases Properties of acids and bases Strong and weak acids & bases The pH scale Calculations involving acids and bases (AHL) Buffer solutions (AHL) Salt hydrolysis (AHL) Acid-base titrations (AHL) Indicators (AHL) 8 8.1 THeORies OF Acids And BAses 8.1.1 Define acids and bases according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories. 8.1.2 Deduce whether or not a species could act as a Brønsted–Lowry
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MAKING FORMAL SPEECHES Often this is the most difficult part of oral communication for many people. Selection of the Topic This is the first step in formal speechmaking. You may be assigned a topic‚ such as to introduce a speaker. Here‚ you are likely to be assigned a topic because you have some knowledge of the subject matter (the speaker). In other cases‚ you will have to choose a topic by yourself. Do this using 3 basic factors: 1. background and knowledge (you need some knowledge of the
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BasesLewis acids and bases play an important role in chemical reactions because‚ except oxidation-reduction reactions‚ almost every reaction could be categorized as an acid-base reaction. Bases in water solutions show certain specific characteristics: bitter taste‚ feel slippery‚ and turn litmus paper blue. Acids in water solutions show these most common characteristics: sour taste‚ react with metals‚ and turn litmus paper red. The understanding of chemical reactions‚ such as acid and base interactions‚
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Acids and Bases Q1.This question is about several Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases. (a) Define the term Brønsted–Lowry acid. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (1) (b) Three equilibria are shown below. For each reaction‚ indicate whether the substance immediately above the box is acting
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Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the polarity of the H—A bond and the size of atom A‚ which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in terms of the stability of the conjugate base. Sulfonic acids‚ which are organic oxyacids‚ are a class of strong acids. A common example is toluenesulfonic acid (tosylic acid). Unlike sulfuric acid itself‚ sulfonic acids can be solids. Superacids are acids stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Examples
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Purpose: To find out if the Unknown substances are bases or acids. Materials: goggles aprons paper for data table graduated cylinder unknown I substance beakers/test tubes stirring rod litmus paper pH indicator paper pH color chart phenolphthalein scoopula eye-dropper digital pH meter magnesium ribbon calculator unknown II substance forceps sodium bicarbonate Procedures: Test the pH of the Unknown substances with litmus paper and pH indicator paper and match to color chart
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2 APPROACHES TO ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT Organisational behaviour is a discursive subject and much has been written about it. The study of organisations and management has therefore to proceed on a broad front. It is the comparative study of the different approaches that will yield benefits to the manager. The study of organisations‚ their structure and management is important for the manager. Identification of major trends in management and organisational behaviour‚ and the work of leading writers
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SQA HND Discussion 2-Case study 1. Explain the interrelationship between formal & informal organization. This question requires the discussion interrelationship between formal organization and informal organization. First we want to know about what the formal organization is and what the informal organization is. Formal organization is a fixed set of rules of intra-organization procedures and structures. As such‚ it is usually set out in writing; with a language of rules that ostensibly leave little
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Introduction This essay is based on Formal and Informal organisations and the details and difference between the two. Recommendations and conclusions are also drawn based on the information presented. Formal and Informal Organisations The fundamental concepts of formal and informal organisations are regarded with the nature and processes in the workplace. A formal organization is the actual framework of the organization including its organizational chart and its chain of command which determines
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