a. Traditional Budgeting Wildavsky (1978‚ p.502) mentions that "traditional budgeting is annual (repeated yearly) and incremental (departing marginally from the year before)". It is conducted on a cash basis in current dollar. It is also in the form of line-items such as personnel or maintenance. This system is essentially a financial plan of estimated expenditures expressed in terms of kinds and quantities of objects to be bought and the estimated funds needed to finance them during a specified
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With the key terms explained by the first speaker‚ let us examine our motion once again. Mass media is the major contributor to teenage social problems today. In the light of our definitions‚ is this a valid proposition? Let us consider some arguments in favor of this proposition. I‚ as the opposition’s deputy minister‚ disagree with the motion because I believe that teenagers can make use of the mass media as a platform to voice out their opinions on current issues. With the existence of
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Traditional African Religion Before one starts to outline the traditional religion in Africa‚ one must first explain the way Africa is as a whole. Without the knowledge of the past combined with knowledge of culture‚ one would have a very vague‚ if any‚ understanding of traditional religion. Out of all of the continents‚ Africa is the most central. It is told that the first man was found in Africa‚ so with this‚ many feel that Africa is the birthplace of human culture. Within this continent
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Traditional Litigation and the Non-Traditional Alternative Dispute Resolution There are many ways to handle a dispute. Many people chose to use the traditional litigation system‚ which are lawsuit being brought forth in the courts and some people choose alternative routes which may not always be involved in the court. The formal definition of traditional litigation is “the process of bringing‚ maintaining‚ and defending a lawsuit. This is also called judicial dispute resolution because courts are
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employ? Our society these days are divided into two different ways of thinking on the education. Some may believe that alternative methods are better than the traditional methods of teaching but yet these two methods are both a successful ways. Every method in teaching is the same for they deliver the same message to the students. Traditional method of teaching also known as the back-to-basics‚ conventional education or customary education‚ refers to a long-established customs found in schools that
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Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) describes aboriginal‚ indigenous‚ or other sorts of traditional knowledge’s concerning sustainability of local sources. TEK has grow to be an area of examine in anthropology‚ and refers to a cumulative body of expertise‚ belief‚ and exercise‚ evolving by using accumulation of TEK and exceeded down by generations through conventional songs‚ tales and ideals. It concerns the connection of residing beings together with human
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A challenge to traditional management theory Ed Weymes Introduction Modern management theories are focussed on how individuals contribute to organisation and corporate performance while the performance of the chief executive is dictated by the organisation’s financial returns and share price. While organisations espouse the principles associated with total quality management‚ learning organisations‚ high performance organisations and implement balanced score cards‚ the chief executive’s primary
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Constitutional select committee TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP INSTITUTIONS AND CUSTOMS A paper presented by Chakunda Vincent January 2009 Harare‚ Zimbabwe BACKGROUND Africans in this country including those in urban areas have their roots in some rural community under the jurisdiction of traditional authority systems. This system of traditional authority is entrusted with the custodianship of clan customs‚ rituals and tradition. It is important to note that it is these customary and cultural
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“Over the years the people of Africa have used traditional medicine and traditional knowledge for their survival.” (Tsiko 2006) Traditional African medicine is a holistic discipline involving extensive use of indigenous herbalism combined with aspects of African spirituality. (Helwig 2005) Traditional African medicine has been practiced for centuries. This ancient system of healing continues to thrive in Africa‚ despite numerous attempts at government inferences‚ and practitioners can be found
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Traditional costumes are peculiar to or characteristic of a certain nation or ethnic group‚ which usually retains strong elements of the culture from which it originates. In areas where contemporary Western fashions have become usual‚ traditional costumes are often worn in connection with special events and celebrations‚ particularly those connected with cultural traditions‚ heritage‚ or pride. Some countries even have their traditional costumes as the uniform of the national airline stewardesses
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