Biochemistry Essential Elements of Life Carbon‚ hydrogen‚ oxygen‚ nitrogen (96%) Calcium‚ phosphorus‚ potassium‚ sulphur (4%) Isotopes Atoms of an element that differ in neutrons Radioactive isotopes decay spontaneously‚ giving off energy Cohesion Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together Adhesion is an attraction between two substances Surface tension measures how hard it is to break the surface tension of a liquid Hydrocarbons Organic molecules consisting of only carbon
Premium DNA Adenosine triphosphate Metabolism
this structure is called the coding strand. The second strand that lies below the coding strand is called the template strand. In order for a RNA polymerase to go from the upper strand to the second strand it must go through the process called transcription. First‚ the RNA polymerase must attach on to one of the genes on the coding strand on DNA. Once the RNA polymerase attaches‚ it must then begin the process called initiation. This means that the RNA polymerase opens up both strands of DNA in order
Free DNA RNA Protein
A gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli protect its cells from stresses that cause the misfolding of proteins‚ which are later secreted across the cytoplasmic membrane (Raivio et al.‚ 2013). In response to the secretion of misfolded proteins‚ gram-negative bacteria use two major envelope stress responses (Raivio et al.‚ 2013). One of the envelope stress responses is the Cpx envelope stress response and it is activated by a diverse set of inducing signals‚ such as alkaline pH‚ chloride ions
Premium Bacteria Protein DNA
windows2universe.org/earth/Life/archaea.html Archaea may not have same physical similarities to eukaryotes but their metabolic pathways and genes are. Archaea’s similarities to eukaryotes can be seen in the metabolic pathway like the transcription and translation process. Protein synthesis in both begins with amino acid methionine as well as both
Premium Cell Protein Cell cycle
-rRNA: ribosomal (large and like a globe) More stable than mRNA. -tRNA: transfer (shaped like t) If you flatten this it becomes mRNA. Hydrogen Bonds ………………………………. Protein Synthesis Overview- Two Processes: Transcription- synthesis of mRNA under the directions of DNA Translation- is the actual decoding of the mRNA into a polypeptide. Occurs in ribosome’s of cytoplasm and rough ER. (Ribosome’s don’t do anything but house). ---To make proteins we reassemble proteins found in meats‚ beans
Premium DNA
gene are referred to as exons or exonic sequences. Most exonic sequences will code for a particular protein‚ but they also include other regulatory or non-coding regions that‚ although not coding for a particular protein‚ are important to the translation of mRNA. These non-coding sequences are referred to as untranslated regions (UTR) and occur at the 5’ end (5’ UTR) and 3’ end (3’ UTR) of the gene. Other sequences that do not code for protein‚ and which do not form part of the UTR of the gene
Premium Jury Supreme Court of the United States United States
nucleic acid is duplicated to give identical copies. This process perpetuates the genetic information. 2. Transcription: a DNA segment that constitutes a gene is read and transcribed into single stranded sequence of RNA. The RNA moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. 3. Translation: the RNA sequence is translated into a sequence of amino acids as the protein is formed. During translation‚ the ribosome reads three bases (a codon) at a time from the RNA and translates them into one amino acid.
Free DNA
receptor is made that enters the cells nucleus reacting with the DNA‚ in desire for the expressed gene. Expression is complex process upon which there are many steps which undergo. One is transcription. This is where a copy of one side of genetic information is made to be stored in DNA. Upon starting transcription‚ proteins are made to read the DNA called rRNA. A second process is involved called splicing. This is where unnecessary parts of RNA are made to create the gene the protein has sent out to
Premium DNA Gene Genetics
RNA are produced. The sequence is as follows (1 and 2) are: Entry‚ uncodeing the viral DNA/ RNA (replication). (3) Transcription of a portion of the viral DNA. Translation follows (resulting enzymes) for multiplication of DNA/RNA. Most cases of DNA viruses early transcription is carried with the host transcriptase (some types of RNA carry their own transcriptase.) (4) Then translation of the “late” viral gene occurs. (5) Synthesis of capsid proteins in the cytoplasm of the host cell. (6) Maturation
Premium DNA Gene Protein
Chapter 10 and 11– Homework 1. Describe the stages of transcription. A. Begins when RNA polymerase binds to promoter B. RNA polymerase moves along DNA‚ adding complimentary ribonucleotides‚ until the end of the gene is reached C. RNA polymerase can only add to the 3’ end D. Transcription occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction E. An RNA transcript is the end result F. All three types of RNA are transcribed from DNA Name 3 classes of RNA and their function. Ribosomal RNA‚ which is the site
Premium DNA Gene Evolution