inheritance. It states that DNA makes RNA‚ which makes protein. Genes control the traits by controlling which proteins are made. The process of Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is when DNA transcripts into RNA and then translates into protein. Transcription is the transfer of genetic information from DNA forming into RNA. The differences between DNA and RNA are the sugar that’s in DNA which is called deoxyribose and ribose for RNA which does not have sugar. When DNA replication begins‚ it begins
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Eukaryotic cells have numerous mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogens. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against these pathogens. Pattern associated molecular factors (PAMPs) are viral factors including proteins‚ lipids‚ and viral nucleic acids that are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) within the cell. During viral infection‚ PAMPs accumulate in different cellular components and once recognized by the PRRs activate the intracellular signaling pathways
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DNA binding site on a Transcription Factor (the thing that stimulates transcription)‚ can sometimes be inhibited 2. Oestrogen is lipid soluble and passes through the cell surface membrane easily 3. It binds with the receptor of the transcription factor. 4. This changes the same of the whole molecule‚ including the DNA binding site. 5. The Inhibitor is subsequently‚ removed. 6. The Transcription factor can now join to the DNA‚ initiating transcription (production of mRNA from
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1. Outline the Steps of DNA: a. DNA Replication begins at the Origin of Replication b. Helicase cuts hydrogen bonds and separates DNA in half c. Semiconservative replication produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one entirely new strand. d. Topoisomerases catalyze and guide the unknotting of DNA e. Single Strand Binding Proteins attach to the halves and keep the DNA molecules separated (they are needed because the sides are attracted to each other and with out
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Chapter 33 notes: Intrinsic cellular defense against virus infection 1. Toll- like receptors sense virus infections a. Toll-like receptors (TRL) i. Located on the cell surface or in endosomal membranes = recognize conserved structures found in pathogens ii. Highly conserved receptors from flies humans iii. Most mammals have between 10-15 (humans = 10) iv. TLR – 2: lipoproteins/glycoproteins (mealsels‚ hepB‚ herpes) v. TLR– 3: dsRNA (west
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environment you live in plays a key role in epigenetics and how your genes are expressed. How does epigenetics have anything to do with digestion? A chemical tag is something that can alter a gene expression. It attaches onto the DNA and blocks transcription. They could also attach to histones and activate or deactivate the genes by tightening or loosening the nucleosome structure. Chemical tags can be altered because of diet. When you have a poor diet‚ your body gets negatively affected in many aspects
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10-2 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell. 2. tRNA is a chain of RNA nucleotides that are folded into a hairpin shape and can bind to a specific amino acid. 3. Transcription is the process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA. 4. A promoter is a region of DNA that marks the beginning of the DNA chain that is to be transcribed. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. c 2. d
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changes in genetic information. They can involve only one DNA nucleotide or the whole chromosome. Mutations may or may not affect gene function. SAMPLE ANSWER: SAMPLE ANSWER: DNA-binding proteins regulate genes by controlling transcription in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes‚ transcription factors control gene expression by binding DNA sequences in the regulatory regions. Cell proteins regulate gene expression. RNA contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine. It is usually
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expression of cells while maintaining the same DNA sequence. Since all the somatic cells in our body contain the same DNA‚ the difference lies in the genes that are expressed. Most of the time‚ the majority of genes are regulated by repressing transcription‚ so the genetic information is used selectively. Epigenetics covers a wide field; contained in it are “DNA methyltransferases‚ methyl-CpG binding proteins‚ histone modifying‚ enzymes‚ chromatin remodeling factors‚ transcriptional factors and chromosomal
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Mitochondria are a key organelle responsible for aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells. The majority of the energy that eukaryotes rely on is obtained through the use of mitochondria‚ thus emphasizing the importance of these dynamic organelles. Due to the importance in respiration mitochondria are found in high abundance in oxidative tissues such as heart‚ kidney‚ and the brain1‚2 3. Inner mitochondrial membrane plays host to a collection of enzyme complexes termed the electron transport chain
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