the survival of organisms at all levels. This is much more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. A major difference is the presence in eukaryotes of a nuclear membrane‚ which prevents the simultaneous transcription and translation that occurs in prokaryotes. Initiation of protein transcription is started by RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by interaction with regulatory proteins; these proteins can act both positively‚ as activators‚ and negatively as repressors. An example
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genetic sequence Potential point of crosstalk between the genome and the env’t ex: identical twins http://www.resverlogix.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/epigenetics_large-1024x804.jpg Drivers of Epigenetic Mechanisms *Co-regulators: dictate transcription of gene http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v12/n12/images/nrd4154-f1.jpg Drivers of Epigenetic Mechanisms http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v11/n7/images/ni0710-565-F1.jpg Drivers of Epigenetic Mechanisms Nucleosomes can slide relative to
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END-OF-TERM TEST ON ENGLISH PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY Time allotted: 30 minutes Please read the questions provided with four choices‚ marked A‚ B‚ C‚ and D in this reading paper. Then‚ on your answer sheet‚ tick the correct box for the letter that corresponds to the answer you have chosen. ** ** Please do not write anything in this reading paper. 1. Which of the following groups contains a segment that differs in voicing from the other segments ? A. [z‚ d ‚ ð‚ b ] B. [ m‚ n‚ ŋ
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INFORMATION PROCESSING Difference between data and Information Data is raw unprocessed information where as information is data that has been to processed to provide a meaningful value. Information processing is when a machine or processor interacts with the outside world and acts on the input it receives. ADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION PROCESSING * Tasks can be completed faster * Computers can process large amounts of data and generate error-free results. * Computing storage devices
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(one code specifies for two amino acids) ! E. Polyribosome - Clusters of ribosomes on same mRNA. III. Protein Synthesis ! A. DNA directs protein synthesis through RNA ! B. mRNA carries blueprint for a particular protein out of the nucleus. ! ! 1. Transcription - Copying of the genetic
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viruses are called model systems because of their use in studies that reveal broad biological principles. Microbiologists provided most of the evidence that genes are made of DNA‚ and they worked out most of the major steps in DNA replication‚ transcription‚ and translation. Techniques enabling scientists to manipulate genes and transfer them from one organism to another were developed in microbes. In addition‚ viruses and bacteria have unique genetic features with implications for understanding
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Test Bank Questions: Chapter 1 DNA Is the Hereditary Material Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Format 1. In the experiment showing that DNA is the genetic material of bacteria‚ heat-killed S Pneumococcus cells A. transformed live R Pneumococcus. B. killed mice injected with them. C. were made alive again. D. killed R Pneumococcus. E. transformed type II cells to type III cells. Answer: A 2. The genetic material of a cell or virus A.
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the cell surface membrane - Idea of the receptor causing (chemical) changes inside the cell - A (functional) {second messenger} activates an {enzyme/transcription factor/eq} Any 2 from: - Idea of a hormone entering the cell through the cell membrane - The hormone binds to a receptor - The {hormone-receptor complex/eq} acts as a transcription factor What is the negative feedback principle? (2) - Idea of responding to deviations from normal levels by reversing their effect - Idea of helping
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REPLICATION‚ TRANSCRIPTION‚ and TRANSLATION 1. What is the difference between REPLICATION‚ TRANSCRIPTION‚ and TRANSLATION? Where does each process take place in the cell? 2. Define semi-conservative replication. 3. How is DNA read and made? From what end to what end? 4. What is the job of these enzymes: DNA polymerase? Helicase? Primase? Ligase? 5. What are the 3 kinds of RNA? What roles do each play in making proteins? 6. What molecule is read and what molecule is made in transcription? 7. What
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a. opposite‚ unidirectional b. opposite‚ bidirectional c. three‚ bidirectional d. unique‚ unidirectional e. common‚ bidirectional Some DNAs are circular and some are linear. How does this fact affect DNA synthesis? Transcription Which eukaryotic RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNAs and most small nuclear RNAs? a. RNA polymerase I b. RNA polymerase II c. RNA polymerase III d. RNA polymerase IV e. RNA polymerase
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