ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS. | WHAT METHODS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO AVOID THE IMPORTATION OF PETROLEUM PRICING IN NIGERIA. | MAT NO: SSC0905121 | OWOYOMI OLUWATOSIN ADEDAPO 2/4/2013 | Oil products are derived from crude oil and they include petrol‚ diesel‚ kerosene‚ natural gas‚ bitumen. Oil was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 at Oloibiri in the present Bayelsa State‚ after a century of searching (Dharam‚ 1991)‚ Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa and has been a member of the Organization
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Transfer Function General with order‚ linear‚ time invariant differential equation an dn(t)dtn+ an-1 dn-1c(t)dtn-1+…a0ct= bmdmrtdtm+bm-1dm-1rtdtm-1+…b0r(t) Where: c (t) is the output r (t) I is the input By taking the Laplace transform of both sides ansn cs+ an-1sn-1 cs+…a0cs+initial condition involving c(t) =bmsmRt+bm-1sm-1Rt+…b0Rs+initial condition involving r(t) If we assume that all initial condition are zero ansn+ an-1sn-1….+…a0cs=bmsm+bm-1sm-1+…b0r(s) Rs-→ bmsm+bm-1sm-1+…b0ansn+
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PRICING METHODOLOGY Pricing methods adopted by an organization determines the values attached to its products. Pricing determinant can be Internal or External. An Internal pricing determinant is one that is controlled by the marketer while the external is not controllable by the marketer. We shall be considering the following types of pricing models: PRICE DISCRIMINATION: Price discrimination is the practice of setting a different price for the same product in different segments to the market.
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MARKETING Session III: Pricing Policy Question I: Why is pricing policy so important in the marketing mix of a product ? What is pricing? Pricing is the process of determining what a compagny will receive in Exchange for its products. Pricing strategy is important for several aspects in the compagny wich are: Survival : short-term objectives are set in order to survive Profit :the objective is to maximise profits Return on investment : prices are set to attain a specified return on
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http://www.bized.ac.uk Pricing Strategies Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed http://www.bized.ac.uk Pricing Strategies Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed http://www.bized.ac.uk Penetration Pricing Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed http://www.bized.ac.uk Penetration Pricing • Price set to ‘penetrate the market’ • ‘Low’ price to secure high volumes • Typical in mass market products – chocolate bars‚ food stuffs‚ household goods‚ etc. • Suitable for products with long anticipated life cycles
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Written Assignment 5 Pricing Strategies One of the four major elements of the marketing mix is price. Pricing is an important strategic issue because it is related to product positioning. Pricing also affects other marketing mix elements as well‚ such as product features‚ channel decisions‚ and promotion. A pricing strategy is a course of action designed to achieve pricing objectives. This strategy helps marketers set prices. There are many ways to price a product. The following‚ figure
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its discount battle and promising the cost of more staples will soon drop. In this article we can see what the Coles use the marketing concepts of customer wants‚ pricing‚ and satisfaction to the market. Coles’s latest product is more price cuts planned in the next few weeks. It is shown that‚ Coles are using market –penetration pricing strategies‚ setting a low price for a new product in the next few weeks to attract a large number of buyers and a large market share (Kotler et al‚ 2010 p7). Furthermore
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Market Structures and Pricing Strategies Kiona Thomas American Public University Econ600 Abstract The article analyzes the four main market structures‚ which are perfect competition‚ monopolistic competition‚ oligopoly and monopoly. It provides a detail description of the market‚ as well as explains the pricing strategy a firm would pursue in that particular market. The article also concludes with a real world example of Visa pricing strategy by examining it oligopoly market
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ECONM2035: Asset Pricing Evarist Stoja (2B7‚ x10603) e.stoja@bristol.ac.uk Outline: This course runs over the autumn term and aims to provide a thorough grounding in the pricing of financial securities. The lectures start with some quantitative review material before moving on to bond pricing. Equity markets and determination of equity prices are treated next before students are introduced to the theory behind and testing procedures for informational efficiency in financial markets. Finally
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Predatory pricing is a practice in which a company attempts to gain control of a market by cutting its prices to levels well below those of competitors‚ so that those competitors go out of business because they cannot match those prices‚ or they cannot sustain lowered prices because they lack capital. This tactic is illegal in many regions of the world‚ although it can be very difficult to prove that a company is really engaging in predatory pricing. Some economists have suggested that this practice
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