Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe‚ Germany elghazi@kit.edu ABSTRACT This paper describes how Yices‚ a SAT Modulo theories solver‚ can be used to analyze the address-book problem expressed in Alloy‚ a first-order relational logic with transitive closure. Current analysis of Alloy models – as performed by the Alloy Analyzer – is based on SAT solving and thus‚ is done only with respect to finitized types. Our analysis generalizes this approach by taking advantage of the background theories
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1. THE GERM. LANGUAGES IN THE MOD. WORLD Languages can be classified acc. to different principles. The historical classification groups lang-s in accordance with their origin from a common linguistic ancestor. English belongs to the Germanic or Teutonic group of lang-s. The modern GL are 11 in number. They all go to ProtoGermanic. And protogerm. goes to the Indoeuropean tongues. The GL fall into: 1. East Germanic (The Gothic Lang.) – nowadays all of them are dead‚ 2. North Germanic : Swedish –
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Conjecture= educated guess based on specific observations; a conclusion reached through inductive reasoning Inductive Reasoning= a type of reasoning that reaches conclusions based on a pattern of specific examples or past events Conditional= if->then statements If= hypothesis Then= conclusion P= abbreviation for hypothesis Q= abbreviation for conclusion P->Q= read as “p implies q” Counterexample= an example showing that a statement is false Venn Diagram= can be used to illustrate a conditional
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SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT 1 . Two or more Singular Subjects connected by and usually take a Verb in the Plural. For example‚ Incorrect- Hari and Ram is here. Correct- Hari and Ram are here. 2. If two Singular Nouns refer to the same person or thing‚ the Verb must be Singular. Incorrect- The Secretary and Principal are coming. Correct- The Secretary and Principal is coming. (Here the same person is .Secretary as well as Principal) 3. If the Singular Subjects are preceded by each or every‚ the Verb is usually
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Chapter 7 Exercises: 7.1.5a) For each of the following relations‚ determine whether the relation is reflexive‚ symmetric‚ antisymmetric‚ or transitive. R ⊆ Z+ x Z+ where a R b if a|b (read “a divides b‚” as defined in Section 4.3) The relation is reflexive‚ antisymmetric‚ and transitive 7.1.6) Which relations in Exercise 5 are partial orders? Which are equivalence relations? The relation in part “a” is a partial order. The relations in “c” and “f” are equivalence relations. 7.2.2) If R is
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Tracking lexical change in present-day English Raymond Hickey Essen University 1 Introduction For several centuries English has been well known for its many cases of conversion‚ for instance it is used very frequently by Shakespeare‚ almost as a stylistic device of his. And to this day it has remained a prominent feature of the language. The standard definition of conversion (Bauer 1988: 90-2; Spencer 1991: 20) is a change in word-class without any alteration
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COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS: NOTES: 1. Reflexive pronouns act as the object of the verb‚ but they reflect the action back to the subject. These pronouns will always be the same person or thing as the subject. Ex. She blamed herself for the mishap. He hurt himself yesterday. 2. Intensive pronouns simply add force or emphasis to a noun or pronoun that is already in the sentence. Ex. You yourself wrote those words. I prepared the meal myself. EXERCISES: Tell whether the underlined
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4 Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 Part 1 – Grammar Review 1. Noun……………………………………………….……………………………………………………8 2. Pronoun……………………………………………………………………………………………….13 3. Adjective…………………………………………………………………..…………………………15 4. Verb ……………………………………………………………………………………………..…….17 5. Adverb ……………………………………………………………………………………………….20 6. Preposition …………………………………………………………………………………………21 7. Conjunction..………………………………………………………………………………..……23 8. Interjection..…………………………………………………………………………….………
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I would like to talk about the culture dictionary‚ more specifically about the Oxford Guide to British and American Culture. The importance of such dictionaries became unquestionable when the culturological approach to the study of languages appeared. This approach means the unity of the language and culture. To acquire a language‚ a person should have the knowledge of special features of communication‚ behavior‚ people’s mind‚ habits‚ values‚ traditions in the country which language he/she learns
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1. S--Vi--(Adv.) (Subject--Intransitive Verb--Adverb‚ usually optional) The man coughed (loudly). The audience laughed. The guest has arrived. The children walked down the street. The waiter hurried away from the door. Note: An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not require a direct object or a complement to complete its meaning. The word "intransitive" literally means "does not carry across." Therefore‚ the action of the verb does not transfer to an object‚ that is‚ a
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