can travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next‚ RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources. This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through
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through the air‚ allowing optical connectivity without requiring fiber-optic cable or securing spectrum licenses. So we can use LED’s or Laser for transmission data. Free Space Optics (FSO) technology is relatively simple. It’s built on a laser transmitter and a receiver to provide full duplex capability. Each FSO unit uses a high-power optical source‚ a lens that transmits light through the atmosphere to another lens receiving the information. The receiving lens connects to a high-sensitivity receiver
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• BLISS‚ FORSYTHE‚ AND CHAN MIMO Wireless Communication MIMO Wireless Communication Daniel W. Bliss‚ Keith W. Forsythe‚ and Amanda M. Chan ■ Wireless communication using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems enables increased spectral efficiency for a given total transmit power. Increased capacity is achieved by introducing additional spatial channels that are exploited by using space-time coding. In this article‚ we survey the environmental factors that affect MIMO capacity. These
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‚ what are the minimum allowable values for the T-R separation distance and the height of the transmitter antenna? The carrier frequency is 900 MHz. 3. In the 2-ray path loss model with ?derive an appropriate expression far the location of the signal nulls at the receiver. 4 .Compare the received power for the exact expressions for the 2-ray ground reflection model. Assume the height of the transmitter is 40 m and the height of the receiver is 3m. The frequency is 1800 MHz‚ and unity gain antennas
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FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS 1.Introduction 2.Advantages of Fiber Optics 3.Optical Transmitters 4.The Optical Fiber 5.Losses in Optical Fiber 6.Optical Fiber Bandwidth 7.Fiber Optic Cable Construction 8.Other Types of Fibers 9.Optical Connectors 10.Optical Receivers 11.Designing a System 1.Introduction: our current "age of technology" is the result of many brilliant inventions and discoveries‚ but it is our ability to transmit information‚ and the media we use to do it‚ that is perhaps
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an equal current (in both amplitude and phase) will be obtained at the terminals of antenna A if the same emf is applied to the terminals of antenna B.” Figure1: reciprocity theorem of antenna The strong reciprocity theorem implies that the transmitter voltages VA and VB are related to the receiver currents IA and IB by V_A/I_B =V_B/I_A for any pair of antennas A and B. It is assumed that the emfs are of the same frequency and that the media are linear
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Portable Touch Screen ABSTRACT The paper aims at design of a portable system which can be mounted anywhere‚ possibly on a desktop or phone screen or projected screen and use the surface as a touch screen. For e.g. If the desktop is projected to a white screen mounted on a wall‚ the presenter can directly touch the white screen and perform all the mouse actions using his finger as the arrow without physically going near the system or seeking help of a system operator. Also if the system is
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CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill development program designed to prepare students of Universities‚ Polytechnics/monotechnics and colleges of education for transition from the college environment to work (Akerejola 2008). Oyedele (1990) state that work experience is an educational program in which students participate in work activities while attending school. 1.1 brief histories of SIWES The Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
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in 1941 as an acronym for RA dio D etection A nd R anging. A long-range radar antenna‚ known as ALTAIR. 4 Introduction: Introduction Ultrasonic RADAR is basically one of the applications of the RADAR system. It consists of a set of ultrasonic transmitter and receiver‚ both of which operate at the same frequency. When something moves in the area covered by the system‚ the fine balance of the circuit is disturbed and the alarm system connected at the receiver side is triggered. The circuit is sensitive
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DOPPLER SHIFT Doppler is the apparent change in wavelength (or frequency) of an electromagnetic or acoustic wave when there is relative movement between the transmitter (or frequency source) and the receiver. Summary RF Equation for the Two-Way (radar) case 2(VXmtr % VTgt) fXmt f Rec ’ fXmt % fD ’ fXmt % c Summary RF Equation for the One-Way (ESM) case V f f Rec ’ fXmt % fD ’ fXmt % Xmtr or Rec Xmt c Rules of Thumb for two-way signal travel (divide in half for one-way ESM signal
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