Name of Student: Name of Partner: Date of Experiment: Date of Report: Aim In this experiment‚ we aim to: (a) determine the refractive index n of a polymer slab from its constructive and destructive thin-film microwave interference; and (b) determine the lattice constant a of an array of thin copper rods from its Bragg diffraction of the incident microwave. Introduction Thin Film Interference When plane electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ is incident on a dielectric surface‚ part
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small sensors‚ processors‚ communication devices‚ and power supply ‚ designers have used the MEMS technology. Smart Dust nodes otherwise known as motes are usually of the size of a grain of sand and each mote consists of : 1.Sensors 2. Transmitter & Receiver enabling bidirectional wireless communication. 3. Processors and control circuitory 4. Power supply unit Using smart dust nodes‚ the energy to acquire and process a sample and then transmit some data about it could be as small as a few
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1. INTRODUCTION The project “Automated Electricity Meter” aims to move away from the traditional method of manual reading of electricity meters in which an individual has to physically record the reading. Instead the project proposes to successfully be able to take the meter reading automatically without having a person be physically present while taking the reading‚ thereby reducing manpower requirement. This system helps the users by alerting them about the peak loads (max energy consumption)
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RELAY A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically‚ but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits)‚ or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits‚ repeating the signal coming in from one circuit
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Hence the output pin is normally low because‚ though the IR LED is continuously transmitting‚ due to no obstacle‚ nothing is reflected back to the IR receiver. The indication LED is off. When an obstacle is encountered‚ the output of IR receiver goes low‚ IR signal is reflected from the obstacle surface. This drives the output of the comparator low. This output is connected to the cathode of theLED‚ which then turns ON. Tuned sensitivity of the
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a GPS receiver and a clear enough view of the sky to receive signals from at least three or four GPS satellites. Common uses of GPS include vehicle navigation‚ tracking the location of business assets‚ mapping for outdoor recreation (e.g.‚ hiking‚ hunting‚ and fishing)‚ and even a sport known as geocaching. Key differentiators include built-in maps‚ computer connectivity‚ and the ability to automatically calculate routes to a destination address Popular brands of consumer grade GPS receivers include
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message into language that will be understood by the receiver. Perhaps it is a statement of the sender’s preference for a particular outcome in a negotiation. The message may be encoded into verbal language or it may be encoded into nonverbal expression. Once encoded‚ the message is then transmitted –sent via voice or facial expression‚ or written statement‚ and through face-to-face interaction‚ video‚ letter‚ telegram‚ etc.- to the receiver.The receivers receptors pick up the transmission‚ and “recode”
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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi CHAPTER 1 # 1) INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS DEFINITIONS Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information from one place to another. TERMS Electronic Communication System 2) The transmission‚ reception‚ and processing of information between two or more locations using electronic circuits. Electronic Communication Electronic Communications Time Line 1830: 1837: 1843: 1861: 1864:
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on a laminated core‚ shaped like a dumbbell or the letter "H." This type of rotor is frequently used in transmitters and receivers. * The DRUM OR WOUND ROTOR may be wound continuously with a single length of wire or may have a group of coils connected in series. This type of rotor is used in most synchro control transformers and differential units‚ and occasionally in torque transmitters. When used in differential units‚ the rotor is wound with three coils so their magnetic axes are 120 degrees
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CS3282 Digital Comms 9.1 2 May’06 / BMGC Multi-level digital modulation & demodulation. 9.1. Introduction: So far‚ in looking at carrier modulated data transmission‚ we have concentrated mainly on binary signalling using simple forms of ASK‚ FSK and PSK. With a suitable pulse-shape‚ binary signalling can achieve a bandwidth efficiency of up to 2 bits/second per Hz using real unipolar pulses (base-band equivalent of ASK) or real bipolar pulses (base-band equivalent of PSK) at base-band.
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