ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: FREE-SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICAITONS THROUGH A FOREST CANOPY Clinton Lee Edwards‚ Master of Science‚ 2004 Thesis Directed By: Professor Christopher C. Davis‚ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering This paper models the effects of the leaves of mature broadleaf trees on air-to-ground free-space optical (FSO) communication systems operating through the leaf canopy. Ecological radiation transfer models are considered and the concept of Leaf Area Index
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Bluetooth technology - a standard for wireless networking of small peripherals Bluetooth has now established itself in the market place enabling a variety of devices to be connected together using wireless technology. Bluetooth technology has come into its own connecting remote headsets to mobile phones‚ but it is also used in a huge number of other applications as well. Beginnings ... Bluetooth technology originated in 1994 when Ericsson came up with a concept to use a wireless connection
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Space-Time Block Coding for Wireless Communications Space-time coding is a technique that promises greatly improved performance in wireless communication systems by using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver. Space-Time Block Coding for Wireless Communications is an introduction to the theory of this technology. The authors develop the subject using a unified framework and cover a variety of topics ranging from information theory to performance analysis and state-of-the-art space-time
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Work? Not many people know it‚ but cell phones are actually two-way radios‚ much like the walkie-talkies of the past‚ albeit much more advanced. When you talk into your cell phone receiver‚ it registers your voice and converts the sound into radio waves. These waves travel through the air until they reach a receiver‚ which is usually found at a base station. This station will then send your call through a telephone network until it contacts the person you wish to speak with. Similarly‚ when someone
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LIGHTING RESEARCH PROGRAM Project 3.2 Energy Efficient Load-Shedding Lighting Technology Consultant Report FINAL REPORT Prepared For: California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research Program Arnold Schwarzenegger‚ Governor October 2005 CEC-500-2005-141-A6 Energy-Efficient Load-Shedding Lighting Technology Architectural Energy Corporation/LRC CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Prepared By: Lighting Research Center. Andy Bierman‚ Project Lead Managed By:
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1.6 Material/tool required. Table 2 material required. SR NO COMPONENT 1 ATMEGA32 MICROCONTROLLER 2 IR TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER 3 GPS MODULE 4 GYROSCOPE 5 STEPPER MOTOR 6 LM7805 7 POWER BATTERY 8 RESISTOR 9 LED 10 PCB 11 ULTRASONIC 1.7 Component description: 1.7.1 ATMEGA32 Microntroller: Family with low power consumption. Atmega32 is based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing‚ Know more about RISC and CISC Architecture) architecture ATmega32 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller
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location and time information in all weather‚ anywhere on or near the Earth‚ where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military‚ civil and commercial users around the world. In addition‚ GPS is the backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the
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The importance of marketing strategy Gaining the competitive edge with Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) Introduction Over the years‚ the traditional face of marketing has changed. Whilst organizations recognize that they can no longer take their customers’ loyalty for granted‚ and need to adopt ongoing marketing strategies to stay ahead of their competitors‚ the design and content of there strategies continue to evolve. Research shows that 20 years ago‚ 75 percent of marketing budgets
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communication system. It is used for point-point or multipoint transmission with UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) interface. XBee Pro S1 belongs to a popular family XBee. Asynchronous means that data is transferred without support from an external clock. Data bit can be sent at any point. Start and stop bits are used between data bytes to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. It is most cost effective method.RS 232 Logic operates -13v to -5v indicate a data bit of value 1.For +5v
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Clocking – to provide a separate clock lead to synchronize the transmitter and receiver by using encode synchronization mechanism. c) Error detection – It is useful to have some error detection capability built into the physical signaling encoding scheme. This allows to be detected more quickly. d) Signal interference
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