Integrated Planning – Module 2 1 Agenda • Forecasting‚ • Factors influencing Demand • Basic Demand Patterns • Basic Principles of Forecasting • Principles of Data Collection • Basic Forecasting Techniques‚ Seasonality • Sources & Types of Forecasting Errors Forecasting can be conducted at various levels Strategic Required for • Product life cycle • Long-term capacity planning • Capital asset/equipment/ human resource management Examples • Product line transitions • Annual volume out
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Methods and Techniques of Sales Forecasting by Kenneth Hamlett‚ Demand Media Sales forecasting methods and techniques vary from company to company. Every company that uses sales forecasts possesses its own technique to approach the forecasting process. Some companies have a dedicated team of forecast professionals while others use the sales staff to generate the forecast. The statistical methods used to generate the sales forecast depend on the demand profile of the product. Statistical forecast
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fashion forecasting “Forecasting provides a way for executives to expand their thinking about changes‚ through anticipating the future‚ and projecting the likely outcomes.” (Lavenback and Cleary 1981) Long term forecasting (over 2 years ahead) is used by executives for planning purposes. It is also used for marketing managers to position products in the marketplace in relationship to competition. (http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/free-fashion-industry-article/fashion-forecasting/fashion-forecasting5
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Marriott Rooms Forecasting Executive Summary In the case of the Hamilton hotel‚ Snow needs to make a decision as to if 60 additional rooms reservations should be accepted which could lead to overbooking (Weatherford & Bodily‚1990). It is a problem of capacity utilization that is being faced in this particular case where revenue maximization is aimed while minimizing customer dissatisfaction. In this report the case is put forward and various methods have been chosen to come to a sensible conclusion
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Eight Steps to Forecasting • Determine the use of the forecast □ What objective are we trying to obtain? • Select the items to be forecast • Determine the time horizon of the forecast □ Short time horizon – 1 to 30 days □ Medium time horizon – 1 to 12 months □ Long time horizon – more than 1 year • Select the forecasting model(s) |Description |Qualitative Approach |Quantitative Approach
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Sales Forecasting Sales potential is larger than sales forecast. Reason:- • Company do not have sufficient production capacity to capitalize on full sales potential. • No good distributive network. • Limited financial resource. • Company’s being more profit oriented than sales oriented. Sales forecast is depended on how much amount of resources can sell if it implements a particular marketing programme. Sales Forecast Methods:- 1) Qualitative method a) Expert’s opinion. b) Survey
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Howard 05/28/2012 Apple Forecasting‚ Budgets‚ &MRP A. Forecasting Technique I. Time Series Analysis A) Trend Projections-Fits a mathematical trend line to the data points and projects it into the future. B) Apple forecasting – Company is progressively stronger over past 10 years C) Current market demand requires trend forecasting B. Budgets I. Constant Workforce a) Monthly Calculations
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1. Inventory decisions at L. L Bean use statistical processes on the frozen forecasts provided by the product managers. L. L Bean uses past forecast errors as a basis of measurement for future forecast errors. The decision for stock involves two processes. Firstly‚ the historical forecast errors are computed. This involves taking the ratio of actual demand to forecast demand. The frequency distribution of historical errors is then compiled across items‚ for new and never out items separately‚ to
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tactics implemented by management in order to become more competitive and world-class in their operations. Hard Rock Café has clearly made great strides in modernizing their business venue by utilizing sophisticated POS systems with the latest forecasting trends. Some tactics they have implemented include an extensive Point-of-sale system (POS)‚ which captures transaction data on nearly every person who walks through a cafe’s door. The sale of each entrée represents one customer. They forecast monthly
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Manager’s Guide to Forecasting by David M. Georgoff and Robert G. Murdick Harvard Business Review Reprint 86104 J A N U A RY– F E B R U A RY 1 9 8 6 HBR Manager’s Guide to Forecasting David M. Georgoff and Robert G. Murdick E arly in 1984‚ the Houston-based COMPAQ Computer Corporation‚ manufacturer of IBMcompatible microcomputers‚ faced a decision that would profoundly affect its future. Recognizing that IBM would soon introduce its version of the portable computer and threaten
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