unwilling to consider any political or social change. The rulers in Russia: 1855-1881 Tsar Alexander II Absolute Monarchy 1881-1894 Tsar Alexander III Tsar Alexander II received the title ‘Tsar Liberator” because he instituted important liberal changes such as the emancipation of the serfs. Alexander the III was seen as a reactionary monarch and many people didn’t like this as he wasn’t open
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essay questions: Collapse Reform and reaction‚ 1855–1881 Why did Alexander II order the emancipation of the serfs in 1861? (12 marks) Crimean War defeat His own beliefs Political considerations Why did defeat in the Crimean War lead to reform under Alexander II? (12 marks) Inadequate army training suggested Russia was not an “elite state” Social unrest caused by the defeat Pressure from intellectuals Explain why Alexander II introduced further reforms following the Emancipation Edict of 1861
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by the Crimean War‚ it was also voluntary reform of the Tsar and even the nobility. The failure laid in the dichotomy of this intention typical for the Russian elite; eager to improve quality of life of every Russian‚ they were never ready to make any concession on power or wealth. Carefully‚ but ill-thought Emancipation Edict‚ therefore had never had any chance of success. I. The Importance of the Crimean War When Alexander II became a tsar in 1855‚ it was obvious that his country would not survive
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1917 was a result of long-term causes including Tsar Alexander’s inability to satisfy his people and Tsar Nicholas II’s inability to rule to throne all together. The Bloody Sunday event‚ the war with Germany‚ Rasputin and Tsars bad decisions was also some of the causes which led the Romanovs to fall. It all began in 1894 when Alexander III‚ died leaving his son Nicholas II to become the tsar of Russia at the age of 26. Nicholas was married to Alexander the princess of Germany which they had 5 children
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among the opponents of the Tsar‚ such as the Bolshevik and Menshevik split in the Marx party after the 1903 conference‚ or even the divisions among different revolutionary parties entirely‚ e.g. Marx and the Social Revolutionaries‚ was responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule in this period as this led to disorganisation and lack of effectiveness among opposition. However other factors‚ such as the loyalty of the army‚ despite mutinies during the 1905‚ allowed the Tsar to remain in control. Furthermore
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police) and the Russian Orthodox Church all supported the Tsar‚ working towards keeping him in power were more important. The Russian nobility was the least important factor contributing to keeping the Tsar in power. Despite including leading members of the Russian Orthodox Church and comprising of the ruling elite who possessed considerable social and political power‚ ‘the Court’ nobility had begun to question some of the decisions made by the Tsar. Some nobles had relatives or were themselves involved
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in Russia at the turn of the C20th and their contribution to the downfall of the Romanov Dynasty. Nicholas II‚ the last tsar of Russia‚ had neither the qualities nor the desire to rule imperial Russia. Born in Tsarskoye Selo in 1868‚ Nicholas was the eldest son of Alexander III‚ the fearsome tsar who had reimposed autocracy and oppression on the Russian empire after the murder of Alexander II. Those who met the young tsarevich‚ described him as pleasant and likeable‚ but otherwise unremarkable – hardly
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important cause of change under Alexander II and the creation of his reforms. This was very embarrassing for the Russians and clearly showed that Russia was economically and agriculturally backward and couldn’t stand up to the modern European powers. The peasants‚ who were the main source of recruits for the Russian army that had been defeated at the Crimea‚ were seen as crucial to Russia’s weakness. As a result‚ several reforms took place. Most notably‚ in 1861 Alexander II signed the Emancipation edict
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opposition‚ their internal divisions and their intolerance of each other. A tradition of revolutionary activity was established by the Populists and their appeal to the peasants‚ though they were weakened by the assassination of Alexander II and the repression established by Alexander III. The Social Revolutionaries tried to gain support among both peasants and townspeople‚ but were divided between anarchists and revolutionaries. The Social Democrats split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at the 1903 Congress
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|Start of reign of Tsar Alexander II. | |1861 |Emancipation of the serfs. | |1874–81 |Growing anti-government terrorist movement and government reaction. | |1881 |Alexander II assassinated by revolutionaries; succeeded by Alexander III.
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