This empire‚ identified as the Umayyad Empire‚ was first ruled by Mu’awiya‚ the governor of Syria. Unlike the Rightly Guided Caliphs who were followers of Muhammad‚ such as Ali‚ the caliphs of the Umayyad Empire were strictly hereditary. Although‚ “their authority still limited… by the idea that they should consult with other leaders.” The Umayyad Empire “would transform the Islamic community from an Arab shaykhdom into an Islamic empire
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threatening him because of clash of religions. Reffered to himself as the "seal of all prophets". Khadija- wealthy widow who Mohammed worked for and then marriedAbu Bakr- caliph after Mohammed ’s deathAbu al-Abbas- rebel general who put Umayyad Dynasty down. He founded the Abbasid Empire(-1258)Harun al-Rashid - (786- 809) gave out support to writers‚ artisans‚ poor. Was caliph at high-point of empire.
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A fifteenth-century Persian manuscript depicts pilgrims praying at Mecca in the mosque surrounding the Ka’ba. C H A P T E R 1 4 THE EXPANSIVE REALM OF ISLAM I In 632 C.E. the prophet Muhammad visited his native city of Mecca from his home in exile at Medina‚ and in doing so he set an example that devout Muslims have sought to emulate ever since. The hajj—the holy pilgrimage to Mecca—draws Muslims by the hundreds of thousands from all parts of the world to Saudi Arabia. Each year Muslims travel
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operation to provide Byzantium with the knowledge to produce A. Steel B. Iron C. Ceramics D. Silk 2. The only classical society that survived in the centuries after 200 C.E. was the A. Han dynasty B. Byzantine Empire C. Hellenistic Empire D. Mauryan dynasty 3. Byzantium’s major advantage was A. Its position as the greatest trading center of the Greek world B. Its huge army C. Its strategic position on the Bosporus D. Its magnificent library
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power eroded by the conquering Umayyad Dynasty who attempted to establish an all- encompassing Islamic Caliphate in their name. Typical of 8th century familial politics‚ the greatest threat to the caliphate came from its own branch families‚ the Abbasids‚ Khalil is and Jihads. Further opposition to Umayyad rule came from the Sunni Sect of Islam. The Sunnis‚ deeply suspicious of the caliph’s unorthodox ways‚ placed their support behind the deeply conservative Abbasid Family5‚ and the idea of the reunification
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Menocal writes to shed light on this time period that models tolerance and to attempt to paint a portrait of life in Medieval Spain that can inspire future generations. Whereas tradition histories of Arabic people follow the Abbasid dynasty‚ Menocal choses to follow the Umayyad prince to al-Andalus examining the seven century presence of Islam in Europe. Menocal attempts to debunk the myth that from 755 to 1031 Spain was “unenlightened‚ backward‚ and intolerant” as the word medieval suggests (10).
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The first part of the Medieval period saw conflict‚ commerce‚ and contagion. Prophet Muhammad gave birth to Islam‚ a religion that expanded quickly into Christian territories; the Silk Road connected the eastern markets to western consumers‚ and unwittingly created a corridor for diseases. The first four Crusades (1095 - 1254 CE)‚ while seeming to be religious wars‚ were also very much political battles fought for secular reasons like political alliances‚ trade routes‚ and control of land. The conflict
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After Muhammad’s death‚ there was quarreling between his followers over who should succeed him. The afternoon that he died‚ a caliph‚ or religious successor to Muhammad‚ was designated. Abu Bakr was chosen for his warmth‚ courage‚ and wisdom. He knew that which Bedouin tribes could be turned against each other and which could be enticed into alliances. The result of defeat of rival prophets‚ known as the Ridda Wars‚ brought the return of the Arabian tribes to Islamic fold. Arab warriors were driven
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mosque by the Fatimid dynasty‚ it slowly evolved into a university over the years. Its construction was authorized by the fourth leader of the Fatimid Dynasty‚ Al-Mu’izz li-Din Allah‚ in Cairo which at that time was the newly founded capital city of Egypt. It was the first mosque to be constructed in Cairo‚ and took approximately two years to build. It was completed in the year 972‚ after which it opened for prayers during the month of Ramadan. Since the Fatimid dynasty was descendant from Fatima
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B) military service. C) work in the mines. D) entertainment. E) household care and tutoring. 6) What was the nature of citizenship within the Umayyad Empire? A) The Umayyads recognized all residents of their empire‚ whether Muslims or "peoples of the book" as full citizens. B) Arabs rapidly lost their dominance in the Umayyad Empire to the native residents of Persia. C) Only Muslim Arabs were first-class citizens of this great empire. D) Malawi were accorded full rights of citizenship
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