ALTERNATIVE APLIA ASSIGNMENT (Chapters 6‚ 7 and 9) CHAPTER 6 Multiple Choice: 1. In operant conditioning‚ reinforcement: a. is defined as any stimulus that automatically elicits an unconditioned response (UCR). b. is defined by the effect that it produces—increasing or strengthening behavior. c. is defined as any stimulus that automatically elicits a conditioned response (CR). d. is based upon behaviors that are elicited by discriminative stimuli. The following three statements are True/False statements:
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that will start shaking‚ sweating‚ holler‚ panic‚ or even break down and cry. When the individual that has this phobia starts to show all those signs that is their unconditioned responses starting to show. (Fritscher. 2011) The system that helps alert us is the unconditioned stimulus. (Ruden‚ 2012) At times their unconditioned stimulus will kick in to say and make them panic to the extreme levels of them crawling around on all fours or even as so much lay in a fetal position (Fritscher‚ 2011). Although
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i. Natural stimulus causes a natural reflex or response (unlearned ii. Neutral stimulus and the natural stimulus are repeatedly paired eliciting a response iii. Neutral stimulus causes the response alone ( Learned 2. Classical Conditioning Paradigm i. Unconditioned Stimulus: (UCS): natural stimulus that elicits the UCR ii. Unconditioned Response: (UCR): natural response caused by the UCS iii. Natural Stimulus: (NS): does not elicit
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research‚ Pavlov and his assistants would introduce a variety of edible and non-edible items and measure the saliva production that the items produced. Salivation‚ he noted‚ is a reflexive process. It occurs automatically in response to a specific stimulus and is not under conscious control. However‚ Pavlov noted that the dogs would often begin salivating in the absence of food and smell. He quickly realized that this salivary response was not due to an automatic‚ physiological process. The Development
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Studies have been performed to validate if an unconditioned stimulus such as humiliating experiences or insulting comments are causation for phobias such as Social Anxiety Disorder. Stressful or traumatic situations such as dealing with public humiliation or rejection from a friend or loved one‚ may lead to
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“Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in stark contrasts to a psychoanalytic one” BEHAVIOURISM: (bĭ-hāv’yə-rĭz’əm) n. A school of psychology that confines itself to the study of observable and quantifiable aspects of behaviour and excludes subjective phenomena‚ such as emotions or motives
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psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists (10 marks) Behaviourists regard all behaviour as a response to a stimulus. They assume that what we do is determined by the environment we are in‚ which provides stimuli to which we respond‚ and the environments we have been in in the past‚ which caused us to learn to respond to stimuli in particular ways. John Broadus
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negative reinforcement purpose is to increase behavior also but to remove the stimulus after behavior. A pregnant woman gets heartburn every time she eats spicy food. The pregnant woman will stop having heartburn when she stops eating spicy food. To eliminate unwanted behaviors two concepts were established extinction and punishment. Extinction is not to reward the behavior and punishment is simply take way a positive stimulus for the behavior. This theory of operant conditioning is agreeable because
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learning in which one stimulus‚ the conditioned stimulus or CS‚ comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus‚ the unconditioned stimulus or US. Ex: Pavlov presented dogs with a ringing bell (CS) followed by food (US). The food (US) elicited salivation (UR)‚ and after repeated bell-food pairings the bell also caused the dogs to salivate (CR). 2. Describe stimulus generalization and give an example.- Stimulus generalization: is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses
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response. * Negative reinforcement is a term described by B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. In negative reinforcement‚ a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping‚ removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. Aversive stimuli tend to involve some type of discomfort‚ either physical or psychological. Behaviors are negatively reinforced when they allow you to escape from aversive stimuli that are already present or allow you to completely avoid the aversive
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