Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Norman L Fountain PSY 250 May 4‚ 2011 Nichelle Ancrum Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Habit as defined in Webster’s as a: a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance b : an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary (Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online‚ 2011). Behavior
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dogs always get very excited when my dad comes home from work. In this case‚ my dad coming home is the unconditioned stimulus‚ and my dogs getting excited that he is home is the unconditioned response. Whenever my dogs hear a car pulling into the driveway‚ it usually signals my dad’s arrival and thus‚ the dogs get very excited. The noise of a car pulling into the driveway is the conditioned stimulus. If my dad is not home anytime a car pulls into the driveway‚ my dogs get very excited (conditioned response)
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* classical conditioning * operant conditioningThere are two forms of conditioned learning: classical and operant. Classical conditioning is the process of using an existing relationship between a stimulus and response to bring about the learning of the same response for a different stimulus. | * iconic rote learning * vicarious learning/modelling * reasoningThe cognitive approach to learning encompasses the mental activities of humans as they work to solve problems. It includes iconic
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conditioning‚ where an original stimulus elicits an automatic unlearned response both stimulus and response happen naturally‚ they are unconditioned. * Then second neutral stimulus that never elicits the unconditional response by itself is introduced just before the presentation of the original stimulus. If the neutral or signaling stimulus were still there‚ we say that conditioning has taken place. * The arbitrary neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus. The reverse is also true. Classical
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particular stimulus 50% of the time. 2.Accommodation: the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far images on the retina. 3.Acetylcholine: neurotransmitter that enables muscle action‚ learning and memory. 4.Achievement Motivation: desire for accomplishment. 5.Achievement Test: an exam designed to test what a person has earned. 6.Acoustic Encoding: encoding of sound‚ especially words. 7.Acquisition: the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
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Definition: psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (thoughts‚ emotions‚ actions) Behavior: Overt; i.e.‚ can be directly observed (crying‚ reading‚ snowboarding) Mental Processes: Covert; i.e.‚ cannot be directly observed (remembering‚ thinking) – private and internal Pseudo-Psychologies Pseudo means “false”; Any unfounded “system” that resembles psychology and is NOT based on scientific testing Experiments – formal trial undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis
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instrumental conditioning‚ is a form of learning that utilizes a specific stimulus to result a voluntary response from the subject. 278 The only difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is the type of response. Both forms of conditioning has a stimulus that produces a response‚ however‚ unlike operant conditioning‚ classical conditioning produces an involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus 281.Within operant conditioning‚ there is reinforcement. To put it in simple
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School of Health and Social Care Psychology of Health and Illness unit Observational record template What happened Initial thoughts Whilst at work I saw the nurse take bloods from a patient which was a monthly routine for the patient it has always gone ok and the patient has been fine with having her bloods taken before. The nurse told the patient it wouldn’t hurt at all. Something happened whereby the nurse couldn’t get the blood and had to re-attempt the procedure. The patient also experienced
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Can classical and operant conditioning account for the development of phobias? Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus then produces a conditioned response. Operant conditioning then refers to associations between the response and the outcome. The following essay will examine evidence supporting classical and operant conditioning as a cause of phobias. Other theories‚ such as biological and evolutionary‚ will also
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conditioning predicts that by repeatedly pairing a motivationally significant stimulus (such as food) with a particular signal (such as a ringing bell) will result in a conditioned response when the signal is encountered (the bell rings in absence of food). So the sound of a ringing bell will evoke a behavioral or conditioned response‚ such as salivation (initially elicited by the food stimulus). A previously neutral stimulus can evoke a particular behaviour through an association with an emotionally
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