Chapter 13: The Biology of Learning and Memory TRUE/FALSE 1. The UCR and the CR are always the same. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning‚ Memory‚ Amnesia‚ and Brain Functioning 2. In operant conditioning‚ an individual’s response leads to a reinforcer or punishment. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning‚ Memory‚ Amnesia‚ and Brain Functioning MSC: www 3. Punishment
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The Psychodynamic Approach The psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud around 1890. Freud was a neurologist at the university of Vienna‚ by 1885 Freud was a given a scholarship to work alongside Charcot who specialised in treating patients with unsolved physical symptoms (McLeod‚ 2007). Freud was influenced by Charcot’s work on traumatic hysteria which looked at how traumatic experiences affected the unconscious mind (Cherry‚ 2013). Freud also found a lot of interest in Breuer’s case
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associated with each other. As a result of this association organisms are able to anticipate event between them. For example in the early 1900’s‚ Pavlov found that dogs salivated when meat powder was given to them or that they also responded to other stimulus that was associated with food‚ such as putting the food in the dish. As Pavlov examined why the dogs salivated in response to various sites and sounds before eating the meat powder‚ he noticed that the dog’s behavior included both learned and unlearned
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was the most significant figure in history of psychophysics. He provided a set of procedures to relate the intensity of a physical stimulus (measured in physical units) to the magnitude of the sensory experience ( measured in psychological units). It has been determined that there are different thresholds. Absolute threshold is the smallest detectable level of stimulus. I can speak personally on this topic because I have taken many hearing tests‚ which is absolute threshold test. An issue that occurs
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CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 1.Consumer Orientation: A group of actions taken by a business to support its sales and service staff in considering client needs and satisfaction their major priorities. Business strategies that tend to reflect a customer orientation might include: developing a quality product appreciate by consumers; responding promptly and respectfully to consumer complaints and queries; and dealing sensitively with community issues 2.Learning: Measurable and relatively permanent change in behavior through experience
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as immediate physiological responses were concerned‚ the taste of diet coke became equivalent to the presence of alcohol. Therefore‚ the alcohol is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)‚ because it elicits a response prior to learning‚ which is unconditioned response (UCR)‚ gagging. The diet coke paired with the alcohol becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS)‚ which would ultimately cause the gagging to become the conditioned response
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the frequency of certain behaviors or antecedent behaviors could be increased if positive reinforcers or consequences were contingent upon the targets (2013). Language relied on the role of imitation as well as the combination of unconditioned stimuli and unconditioned responses. According to this view‚ parents teach their children language through both imitation training of words and phrases as well as the shaping of phrases and sentences through success of adult-like speech (Singleton & Shulman
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In this essay I’m going to describe and evaluate the three core theoretical perspectives in counselling‚ personal centred‚ cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic I will look at the general theory‚ the view of the person in therapy‚ the blocks to functioning of the person in therapy and the goals and techniques of each theory. I will compare and contrast the three approaches looking at the similarities and differences between the three counselling perspectives and how the counsellor in each theory
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Word Count:1245 Compare and contrast how the cognitive-behavioural and person-centred models of counselling understand the person‚ and how these two approaches explain the psychological distress experienced by individuals. In Part 2‚ reflect on and write about which of the two models appeals most to you and why. In this assignment I will describe and explain how the cognitive-behavioural approach to counselling reflects behaviour as learned. I will explore how the cognitive-behavioural approach
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(classical conditioning) using experiments on dogs for his hypothesis. We have all read about how he linked a specific sound e.g. a bell to feeding which made the dogs salivate. Over time just the sound of the bell caused the dogs to salivate. Thus the stimulus response conditioning had taken place. Pavlov like many other theorists worked with animals and not humans. Watson
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