NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES GROWTH IN REGIONS Nicola Gennaioli Rafael La Porta Florencio Lopez de Silanes Andrei Shleifer Working Paper 18937 http://www.nber.org/papers/w18937 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge‚ MA 02138 April 2013 We are grateful to Jan Luksic for outstanding research assistance‚ to Antonio Spilimbergo for sharing the structural reform data set‚ and to Robert Barro‚ Peter Ganong‚ and Simon Jaeger for extremely helpful comments. Shleifer
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Economic Issues Economic Growth Economic Growth involves an increase in the volume of goods and services that an economy produces over a period of time. It is measured by the annual rate of change in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP)‚ i.e. the percentage increase in the value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time‚ usually one year‚ adjusted for inflation Aggregate Demand Aggregate Demand (AD) is the total level of expenditure in the economy over a given period
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Bacterial are very diverse and quite adaptable‚ but they still need certain factors in order to thrive. The physical requirements for bacterial growth include pH range‚ temperature‚ oxygen concentrations‚ moisture levels‚ hydrostatic pressure‚ osmotic pressure‚ and radiation levels. When considering the pH level‚ bacteria are classified as either acidophiles (acid-loving)‚ neutrophiles (neutral ph range)‚ or alkaliphiles (alkali-loving). The one that causes disease in humans would be the neutrophiles
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Meaning of Growth and Development Hurlock (1982) Differentiates growth and development in this manner: Growth refers to the quantitative changes – increase in size and structure. An individual grows physically as well as mentally. Development refers to the quantitative changes. It may be defined as progressive series of orderly‚ coherent changes: progressive because the changes are directional‚ they lead forward rather than backward – orderly and coherent‚ because a definite relationship
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Economic Policy Reforms 2012 Going for Growth © OECD 2012 PART II Chapter 5 Reducing income inequality while boosting economic growth: Can it be done? This chapter identifies inequality patterns across OECD countries and provides new analysis of their policy and non-policy drivers. One key finding is that education and anti-discrimination policies‚ well-designed labour market institutions and large and/or progressive tax and transfer systems can all reduce income inequality. On this basis
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GDP GDP (gross domestic product)‚ is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given time period. This definition has four parts: Market value‚ final goods and services‚ whether it was produced within a country‚ and the time period. GDP is a market value‚ which means that goods and services are valued at their market prices. A final good (or service)‚ is an item bought by its final user during a specified time period‚ a final good contrasts with an intermediate
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explain why it is said “economic growth is a race between depletion and invention. AS Macroeconomics / International Economy Economic Growth Growing economies provide the means for people to enjoy better living standards and for more of us to find work. But what is economic growth and how best can a country achieve it? Defining economic growth Economic growth is best defined as a long-term expansion of the productive potential of the economy. Sustained economic growth should lead higher real living
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major changes in social structures‚ people ’s attitudes‚ national institutions‚ acceleration of economic growth and reduction of inequality. According to Kindleberger‚ Economic development means an increase in output of goods and services in the economy. It is more important than economic growth because economic development is more comprehensive process than economic growth. Economic growth is a quantitative term as it represents quantitative increase in the production of goods‚ services and factors
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Algae are simple organisms that typically produce their own food through photo-synthesis. They are similar to higher plants‚ but they lack many of the distinct organs that you will find in a higher plant. The higher plants are believed to have evolved from algae‚ and algae are believed to have gotten their capacity for photosynthesis from cyanobacteria. Algae can be unicellular as well as multi-cellular. Large and complex forms found in the ocean are commonly referred to as seaweed and can look very
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Hindustan Unilever Limited About the Company: Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL)‚ previously known as Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL)‚ is India’s largest consumer products company. It was formed in the year 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited. Headquartered in Mumbai‚ India‚ it has about 45‚000 employees and is the market leader in the FMCG industry in India. Financial Statement Analysis of Hindustan Unilever Ltd. |Items |Year 2007
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