I. INTRODUCTION Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms‚ including bacteria‚ mycobacteria‚ fungi‚ and viruses. Pneumonias are classified as community- acquired pneumonia (CAP)‚ hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia (HAP)‚ pneumonia in the immunocompromised host‚ and aspiration pneumonia. There is overlap in how specific pneumonias are classified‚ because they may occur in differing settings. Those at risk for pneumonia often have chronic underlying
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body through the bloodstream to the meninges. The two main types of meningitis are Viral and Bacterial. Bacterial Meningitis- Many types of bacteria can cause meningitis but the common ones which can also be life threatening are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcal and Meningococcal. Viral meningitis- Can be caused by airborne droplet infection‚ direct contact‚ bite of animal or bug. There are many viruses which can cause meningitis. The presenting symptoms of viral and bacterial meningitis
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A 62-year old diabetic black man presents in the emergency room with a swollen left leg with areas of blanching and blue mottling. A "foul odor" is coming from a dressed wound. The physicians remove the dressing and a brownish fluid is seeping from a wounded area. The fluid contains what appear to be small bits of the tissue. No pus appears to be present. The wound has a strong "rotten" odor. Five days earlier‚ while at his work as a farmer‚ he caught the leg in his manure spreader‚ sustaining a
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Enterotube II System Learning Objectives: After completing this exercise we were able to inoculate an unknown bacterium that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae by using technology effectively with a Enterotube II. An Enterotube II is a miniaturized multi-test system for rapid identification of enterbacteriaceae. We then evaluated the test results and generated a five-digit code for the unknown bacterium. Thinking creatively and critically we had to figure out the code by looking at the Enterotube
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Neisseria meningitidis‚ also known by meningococcus‚ is a gram-negative bacterium that infects the meninges of the brain. It was first observed in 1884 inside cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli. It was discovered a few years later in 1887 that Neisseria meningitidis was the cause of Meningococcal meningitis. The bacteria cause inflammation of the meninges‚ several layers of tissue that protect the brain‚ called the dura mater‚ pia mater‚ and arachnoid mater. The dura
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1. Microbiology ⁃ M microscope ⁃ I independent unit ⁃ C comparatively less complex ⁃ R rapid rate of reproduction ⁃ O omnipresent ⁃ humans are living repositories of bacteria/microbes ⁃ borne sterile ⁃ microbe on all surface area of the body ⁃ sterile areas: eyes‚ brain‚ spinal cord‚ bones‚ kidney‚ internal organs ⁃ mutualistic relationship: we provide site and nutrient and microbes provide vitamin‚ aid in food digestion ⁃ division of microbial world ⁃ living component: organism
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Introduction to Biochemistry (CHEM 501) Final Exam 12/17/2007 1. The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of: a) b) c) d) e) 1 mol of ATP. 1 mol of NADH. 2 mol of ATP. 2 mol of NADH. none of the above. 2. The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1‚6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of: a) b) c) d) e) 1 mol of NAD+ and 2 mol of ATP. 1 mol of NADH and 1 mol of ATP. 2 mol of NAD+
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CURRENT RESEARCH ABOUT ACUTE TONSILLOPHARYNGITIS TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF STREPTOCOCCAL TONSILLOPHARYNGITIS Author Michael E Pichichero‚ MD Section Editors Daniel J Sexton‚ MD Morven S Edwards‚ MD Deputy Editor Elinor L Baron‚ MD‚ DTMH Disclosures All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Dec 2012. | This topic last updated: Oct 17‚ 2012. INTRODUCTION — Group A streptococcal (GAS) tonsillopharyngitis presents
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Historical Experiments & Structures Frederick Griffith Experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae S. pneumoniae comes in two strains‚ smooth and rough strains S Smooth : Secrete a polysaccharide capsule; Protects bacterium from immune system of hosts; Produce smooth colonies on solid media. R Rough : Unable to form capsule; Produce colonies with a rough appearance. Griffith conducted experiments in 1928 using two strains of S. pneumoniae: type IIIS and type IIR : 1. Inject mouse with live type IIIS bacteria
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aureus‚ this being the main carrier site of this important pathogen. The healthy sinuses‚ in contrast are sterile. The pharynx (throat) is normally colonized by streptococci and various Gram-negative cocci. Sometimes pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae‚ Streptococcus pyogenes‚ Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis colonize the pharynx. Normal microflora of the lower respiratory tract Free of microorganisms‚ mainly because of the efficient cleansing action of the ciliated epithelium
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