Kyle Cosentino Managing Coastal Ecosystems 8/31/10 The Freshwater Shark: Bull Sharks and Their Movement between Fresh and Saline Environments Carcharhinus Leucas or bull sharks are the only species of sharks that are able to travel long distances and spend extended periods of time in freshwater environments. Although many people disagree‚ I believe that one of the bull sharks’ main reason for entering freshwater is to find breeding grounds. There is evidence that supports this theory‚ and it
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Determining an Unknown Through Deferential Stains and Biochemical Tests Introduction There are many reasons for knowing the identity of microorganisms. The reasons range from knowing the causative agent of a disease in a patient‚ so as to know how it can be treated‚ to knowing the correct microorganism to be used for making certain foods or antibiotics. This study was done by applying all of the methods that have been learned so far in the microbiology laboratory class for the identification
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Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability 1 EXERCISE 1 OBJECTIVES 1. To define the following terms: differential permeability‚ passive and active processes of transport‚ diffusion (simple diffusion‚ facilitated dif- fusion‚ and osmosis)‚ solute pump‚ pinocytosis‚ and phagocytosis. 2. To describe the processes that account for the movement of sub- stances across the plasma membrane‚ and to indicate the driving force for each. 3. To determine which way substances will move passively
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rate of diffusion. ___ ___ 2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? ___ 3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? ___ ___ 4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose‚ sodium chloride‚ albumin‚ and urea. ___ ___ Activity 2 Simulated Facilitated Diffusion
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utilization test‚ and a urease detection test. These tests are explained in detail‚ and the method of performing the tests is described. The tests showed that the bacterium was gram-negative bacilli that did not utilize citrate‚ and the ability to hydrolyze urea using urease. These results indicate that the identity of unknown number 34 is Proteus mirabilis. Introduction Proteus mirabilis is a gram-negative bacillus bacterium. It is found naturally in the human gut flora. However‚ if P. mirabilis comes into
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Enzymes All enzymes are globular proteins and round in shape They have the suffix "-ase" Intracellular enzymes are found inside the cell Extracellular enzymes act outside the cell (e.g. digestive enzymes) Enzymes are catalysts → speed up chemical reactions Reduce activation energy required to start a reaction between molecules Substrates (reactants) are converted into products Reaction may not take place in absence of enzymes (each enzyme has a specific catalytic action) Enzymes catalyse
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Phenylalanine Deaminase This test detects the formation of pyruvic acid from the deamination of phenylalanine. The pyruvic acid formed reacts with a ferric salt in the medium to produce a characteristic black to smoky gray color. Urea The production of urease by some bacteria hydrolyzes urea in this medium to produce ammonia‚ which causes a shift in pH from yellow (acidic) to reddish-purple (alkaline). This test is strongly positive for Proteus in 6 hours and weakly positive for Klebsiella and some Enterobaeter
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and 60-70% of the sodium and chloride ions in the original filtrate Active Reabsorption: glucose‚ other simple sugars‚ amino acids‚ vitamins‚ ions (including sodium‚ potassium‚ calcium‚ magnesium‚ phosphate‚ and bicarbonate Passive Reabsorption: urea‚ chloride ions‚ lipid-soluble materials‚ water Secretion: hydrogen ions‚ ammonium ions‚ creatinine‚ drugs and toxins Nephron Loop Reabsorption of 25 % of the water and 20-25% of the sodium and chloride ions
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COMPANY PROFILE Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited is the second largest producer of Urea fertilizer in Pakistan. The company was incorporated in 1965 and was formerly Exxon Chemical Pakistan Limited until 1991‚ when Exxon decided to divest their fertilizer business on a global basis and sold off its equity of 75% shares in our company. The Employees of Engro‚ in partnership with leading international and local financial institutions bought out Exxon’s equity and the company was renamed as Engro
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LAB EXERCISE I After the first exercise : Simulating Simple diffusion Which Materials diffused from the left beaker to the right beaker? NaCl ‚ Urea ‚ Glucose Which did not ? Albumin Why ? Albumin’s Composition or charge was too great to diffuse through the membrane. After the 2nd activity : Simulating Dialysis What happens to the urea concentration in the left beaker (the Patient)? It diffused to the right beaker Why does this occur? The excess amount must be diffused to reach equilibrium
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