sparks (electrons being released) more rapidly. Since light was predominately now thought to just be a wave‚ three main objections were raised in regard to Hertz’s observation of this now-called photoelectric effect. In 1914‚ Robert Millikan noticed that there was a cutoff frequency‚ ‚ at which no more electrons are shot out of the conducting electrodes (this work won him the 1923 Nobel Prize). Other experiments at the time showed that the maximum kinetic energy of the fasted ejected electron‚ ‚ was
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Electricity is a form of energy. Electricity is the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms‚ and an atom has a center‚ called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton‚ and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons. When
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physicist‚ J.J. Thomson‚ shortly after discovering electrons‚ proposed his Plum-Pudding model of the atom. He based this model on the two facts that he knew at the time: 1. atoms contain small negatively charged particles called electrons and 2. atoms behave as if they have no charge at all‚ meaning they are electrically neutral. Thomson assumed there must be something in an atom that was positively charged that would neutralize the electrons negative charge. His proposal was a model for the atom
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an atom. The photoelectric effect is inversely proportional to the kV cubed and is proportional to the atomic number cubed. The photon is completely absorbed. The ejected electron is known as the photoelectron. In Compton scatter the incident photon is both absorbed and scattered. The ejected electron is known as a recoil electron which is scattered in the forward direction. The photon has a longer wavelength than the incident photon due to loss of energy. Pair production never occurs in diagnostic radiography
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charged (non-charged) neutrons are found in the nucleus Negatively charged electrons are located orbiting the nucleus in shells. They stay in orbit because the electrons are attracted to the protons 2: The Element Introduction An element is a singular type of atom‚ like candy in a candy shop If there is an atom that has 8 protons and 8 electrons‚ then it is an oxygen element. If it has 1 proton and 1 electron‚ then it is a hydrogen element 3: Molecules Introduction A molecule
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Flame colours are produced from the movement of the electrons in the metal ions present in the compounds. For example‚ a sodium ion in an unexcited state has the structure 1s22s22p6. When you heat it‚ the electrons gain energy and can jump into any of the empty orbitals at higher levels - for example‚ into the 7s or 6p or 4d or whatever‚ depending on how much energy a particular electron happens to absorb from the flame. Because the electrons are now at a higher and more energetically unstable
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temperatures of various superconductors: Material Type Tc(K) Zinc metal 0.88 Aluminum metal 1.19 Tin metal 3.72a Mercury metal 4.15 YBa2Cu3O7 ceramic 90 TlBaCaCuO ceramic 125 Because these materials have no electrical resistance‚ meaning electrons can travel through them freely‚ they can carry large amounts of electrical current for long periods of time without losing energy as heat. Superconducting loops of wire have been shown to carry electrical currents for several years with no measurable
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Chemical reactions are caused by atoms rearranging. No new atoms are created or destroyed. Dalton’s model of the atom had some problems explaining why atoms would combine or bond‚ which leads to the next great scientist. J. J. Thomson discovered electrons from his experiment using a cathode ray tube experiment. He shot an electric current/ ray through a plate of metal in tube filled with gas. He found that some particulate or small pieces of matter (not energy or light) gathered at the end of the
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increase the voltage of our product. The zinc can produce electricity because of the chemical reaction it occurs when it is soaked in vinegar’s acetic acid‚ the zinc is dissolved to produce hydrogen gas; while the copper’s use is only to move the electrons throughout the entire circuit and connect it to the battery powered object. The main idea we took on our research and personal experiences is that when more batteries are connected‚ more voltage are produced. Our design is to connect one container
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enters the Heisenberg Bank‚ which is‚ for the most part‚ seemingly empty. However Alice soon learns that it is quite the opposite‚ the bank is packed with anti electrons‚ which are particles that do not have its rest mass energy‚ which is the minimal energy needed for a particle to be a free particle and properly exist. These Anti electrons
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