Lab 6: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution(1) Nitration of Methyl Benzoate(2) Synthesis of 1‚4-Di-t-butyl-2‚5-dimethoxybenzene byFriedel-Crafts Alkylation of 1‚4-DimethoxybenzenePurpose1)To carry out the nitration of methyl benzoate‚ and then identify the major product formed (position at which nitro-group substitution takes place) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC)‚ the percent yield and the melting point range. 2)To synthesize 1‚4-Di-t-butyl-2‚5-dimethoxybenzene by Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of
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The VSEPR Model 10.33 Predict the shape or geometry of the following mole- cules‚ using the VSEPR model. a. SiF4 b. SF2 c. COF2 d. PCl3 10.34 Use the electron-pair repulsion model to predict the geometry of the following molecules: a. GeCl2 b. NF3 c. SCl2 d. XeO4 10.35 Predict the geometry of the following ions‚ using the electron-pair repulsion model. a. ClO3? b. PO43? c. SCN? d. H3O? 10.36 Use the VSEPR model to predict the geometry of the fol- lowing ions: a. N3? b. BH4? c. SO32? d. NO2
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encounter resistance to their flow which means that they collide with atoms in the conductor. More resistance means that more energy is needed to push the same number of electrons through part of the circuit. So by increasing the voltage more electrons will flow through the circuit‚ which means there would be a lot more electrons flowing in the circuit therefore there will be a lot more energy being produced. This means that the more voltage flowing through the circuit the faster the reaction will
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based on total external reflectivity. Using this method we can calculate the thickness of the film electron density profile of the material and roughness of the film surface. After a short introduction of Fresnel’s reflectivity‚ the Parratt formulation is used for the calculation reflectivity for a stratified film. Then after discussing the experimental technique‚ we have calculated the thickness‚ electron density and roughness from the experimental curve. CONTENTS Introduction---------------
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highly efficient and selective excitation behavior for the studied molecular systems. On the other hand‚ it was demonstrated that the molecular excitation is a very complex conjunction of different one-electron orbital depopulation-population
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Effect of ions on living organisms (24 marks) An ion is a charged atom or molecule. This is because it does not have an equal amount of protons and electrons‚ therefore giving the atom an overall charge. An example of an ion is ‚ this is sodium and the plus sign represents an overall positive charge. Ions are very important to living organisms as they are essential for life‚ they play an important role within the cell allowing mechanisms within the living organisms such as respiration‚ to take
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exam 1 material * probelsm 11-20 exam 2 material * problems 21-30 exam 3 material * problems 31-35 new material (MO theory from ch 11‚ ch 12) All Single-choice 10 multiple choice material 2. Which pair of atoms/ions has same # of electrons? 32p and 32s 15e 16e- Al 3+ and Cl- 10e- 18e- Xe and I- 54e- 54e- 13C 14N 6e- 7e- ^ the 13 on C is mass number. = # protons + # neutrons. 3. N2 + 2 O2 + Cl2 -> 2 NO2 Start with 6 mol N2‚ 4 mol O2‚ 4 mol Cl2‚ Find limiting
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continue on with Dalton’s theory‚ which lead them into new areas of experiments. In the late 1800’s JJ Thompson‚ the Physicist discovered the sub atomic particle known as the electron. JJ Thompson made a model known as the “Plum Pudding” where you can see the pudding as positive charged and the plums as negatively charged electrons. This theory was invalid due to what is known as the Rutherford gold foil experiment‚ which is designed to probe an atom. Rutherford’s gold foil experiment displayed that
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Module 2: The Scientific Method and Matter The Scientific Method Step 1: Performing Experiments Step 2: Making Observations Step 3: Proposing a Hypothesis Step 4: Confirming the Hypothesis Step 5: Proposing a Scientific Law Scientific Notation It is a mathematical expression in which a number is expressed as N x 10^n where N contains only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal and n is an integer. Rules for Determining Significant Figures (digits) - All nonzero digits are
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us‚ including ourselves. They consist of protons which give off a positive charge‚ electrons which give off a negative charge and neutrons which have no charge. In an atom there are the same amount of protons as there are electrons. If there weren’t it would cause the atom to behave differently. Atoms have layers around them called shells which contain electrons. Each shell can only hold a certain amount of electrons. Molecules can be multiple atoms of the same element combined or the elements can
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