9. Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves 10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart 11. The Normal Electrocardiogram 12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis 13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation C H A P T E R 9 Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves With this chapter we begin discussion of the heart and circulatory
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Endocardium‚ myocardium‚ and epicardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. The myocardium is the idle layer of and actual contracting muscle of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer and lines the inner chambers and heart valves. Pericardial sac: The pericardial sac encases and protects the heart from trauma and infection. The pericardial sac has two layers which are the parietal pericardium which is the tough‚ fibrous outer membrane that attaches anteriorly to the
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times a day. Serves as a muscular pump by creating a pressure needed to push blood through adjoining arteries. Heart consists of 4 chambers‚ 4 valves and septum. The septum is a wall that separates the left and right chambers. Upper chamber of heart called atria and lower chamber call ventricle. Left and right chamber separated by septum. Heart valves ensure one-way blood flow from one chamber to the other. THE CARDIAC CYCLE: Heartbeat consists of three steps collectively called
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firmly onto the gas valve‚ that should be off at this point. One should also make sure that the Bunsen burner is far enough from the edge that it cannot be bumped and fall off the counter top. Now‚ it is time to light the Bunsen burner. Light the match first. If one was to turn the gas valve on before lighting the match‚ then the gas could build up and cause an explosion once the match is lit. This is why it is important to light the match first then turn on the gas valve. Hold the lit match
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gravity. The blood is prevented from reversing direction through large venous valves. However‚ if the pressure applied downwards on these valves is great enough and applied for a significant period of time‚ such in the case of prolonged periods of standing‚ the edges of the veins can become distended and eventually prevent the edges of the valves from successfully sealing. Varicosities are caused when the venous valves become unable to support the blood above them‚ and allow the blood to flow backwards
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Introduction to Engine Performance – Study Guide ©2005 Melior‚ Inc. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The engine is the power plant of a vehicle. Automotive engines have gone through tremendous changes since the automobile was first introduced in the 1880s‚ but all combustion engines still have three requirements that must be met to do their job of providing power – air‚ fuel‚ and ignition. The mixture of air and fuel must be compressed
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protection. Its main purpose is to store and insert emergency cooling water into the RPV in the event of a reactor accident. The main components of the system consist of three water poops‚ automatic initiation logic circuits‚ all associated piping and valves‚ along with
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the two variables and to plot a graph. PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the unit to the steam supply and open the stop valve on the inlet side. 2. Throttle the outlet from the cylinder to the desired pressure and allow a period of time to elapse to obtain steady state conditions. 3. Record the steam temperature and pressure. 4. Adjust the steam pressure using the throttle valve‚ and allow sufficient time to elapse to obtain steady state condition. 5. Record the steam pressure and temperature
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surgery for adults. For more information about heart surgery for children‚ go to the Health Topics articles about congenital heart defects‚ holes in the heart‚ and tetralogy of Fallot. Doctors also use heart surgery to: • Repair or replace heart valves‚ which control blood flow through the heart • Repair abnormal or damaged structures in the heart • Implant medical devices that help control the heartbeat or support heart function and blood flow • Replace a damaged heart with a healthy heart from
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ventricles. The atria and ventricles work together contracting to release the blood they contain. The valves open and close to let the blood flow in only one direction‚ there are 4 valves The two atrioventricular (AV) valves‚ which are between the atria and the ventricles and The two semilunar (SL) valves‚ which are in the arteries leaving the heart‚ are the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. There are three varieties of blood vessels: arteries‚ veins‚ and capillaries. During blood circulation
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