THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM The categorical syllogism is the principal form of deductive interference. Its absolute manner of inferring when applied to certain premises is the kind most suited for imparting scientific and philosophical knowledge. We may describe the Categorical Syllogism as a form of mental discourse wherein two concepts are compared to a third ‘middle concept’‚ and from the agreement of both with the middle concept‚ the mind infers agreement of both concepts among themselves;
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extended argument 3. Categorical Logic (I) Structure of a categorical proposition Types of categorical propositions Traditional square of opposition and other direct inference Existential import of a proposition Venn diagram for categorical propositions 4. Categorical Logic (II) Structure of a standard categorical syllogism Relation between the structure of syllogisms and their validity Venn diagram for categorical syllogisms Translating ordinary language statements into categorical form The conversion
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necessity from its premises‚ then the argument should be regarded as __________. a. inductive b. deductive c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 5. Which of the following is not a common pattern of deductive reasoning? a. statistical argument b. categorical syllogism c. argument from elimination d. argument by definition 6. Denying the antecedent arguments have the following pattern: a. If A then B; if B then C; so‚ if A then C. b. If A then B; not A; so‚ not B. c. If A then B; not B; so‚ not A. d. If
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Reasoning In the case of deductive reasoning – the goal is to produce a sound argument. A deductive argument in sound if the reasoning is valid (meaning the form is correct) and the premises are true. Syllogisms Grouped into three categories – categorical‚ disjunctive‚ hypothetical Categorical Syllogisms whether things belong or do not The major premise and minor premise and conclusion express things that categorize things Proceeds from a general premise to specific conclusion All CS include:
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premises. The syllogism is used in deductive thinking. Categorical‚ hypothetical‚ and disjunctive syllogisms are three different types used for deductive thinking. A categorical syllogism uses a form of argument that either affirms or denies whether a topic is an element of a group or has a definite property. Hypothetical syllogisms follow an if-then statement. It is making a hypothetical assumption that if something happens‚ then something else will happen. Disjunctive syllogisms use either/or statements
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BUSI 1010 Critical Thinking and Ethics Deductive 2 BUSI 1010 Critical Thinking and Ethics Deductive 2 Name: Ali Ejaz ID #100 505 758 Seminar #Wednesday @ 2 1) Draw a Venn Diagram for the following Categorical Syllogism and determine if the argument is valid or invalid. (2 marks for proper Venn diagram‚ 2 marks for proper diagnosis‚ 4 marks total) Some accountants are not good bookkeepers. All accountants are highly-paid professionals. Therefore‚ some highly-paid professionals
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IDEAS AND TERMS A. Etymology Greek word‚ ‘eidos’ which means image Our mind contains ideas which are formed through our encounter with reality – with everything knowable through the human mind. Definition IDEA is defined as the representation of the essence of a thing in the mind. Expressed differently‚ an idea is a mental (intellectual) image or a picture of the object of the mind which is the result of comparison‚ reflection or abstraction. Being a representation of the essence of a thing in the
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Reasoning What is reasoning ? It is also a kind of thinking but different from it‚ in the sense there is checking and re - checking of the conclusion arrived at based on certain facts so reasoning is defined as ’’ a process of arriving at a new judgement on the basis of one or more judgement‚’’ Reasoning is the mental activity used in and argument‚ proof‚ or demonstration‚ reasoning is generally associated with rules and methods and formal laws of logic but many people reason and argue without
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reasoning as the main instrument of scientific exploration. His most profound achievement is the theory of the categorical syllogism. He proposed methods on how to categorize categorical syllogism in terms of mood and figure‚ and he developed rules for identifying the validity of these syllogisms. He also developed the concepts of possibility and necessity and how they apply to categorical propositions. He showed how arguments could be defective in terms of thirteen forms of informal fallacy. Aristotle’s
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pattern consist of one conditional premise‚ a second premise that asserts as true the antecedent (the if part) of the conditional‚ and a conclusion that asserts as true the consequent (the then part) of the conditional. Other common varieties of hypothetical syllogisms include • chain argument • modus tollens (denying the consequent) • denying the antecedent • affirming the consequent Chain arguments consist of three conditional statements that link together in the following
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