condition‚ but in most cases the cause is unknown. The four abnormalities which make up tetralogy of Fallot include: Pulmonary valve stenosis‚ Ventricular septal defect‚ Overriding aorta‚ and Right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve‚ which is the main blood vessel leading to the lungs. Ventricular sepatl defect is a hole in the wall which separates the right and left ventricles of the heart. The hole allows deoxygenated blood from the right
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18: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart You should be able to speak intelligently to all of these‚ but the bolded objectives are test material. Objectives Heart Anatomy 1. Describe the size‚ shape‚ location‚ and orientation of the heart in the thorax. 2. Name the coverings of the heart. 3. Describe the structure and function of each of the three layers of the heart wall. 4. Describe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers. Name each chamber and provide
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the best course for treatment. It was determined that there were two blockages and that the patient would be a good candidate for coronary artery by-pass graft (CABG) surgery. During surgery‚ the patient sustained another MI and developed ventricular fibrillation which was corrected by electro-cardioverter defibrillation and the use of anti-arrhythmic medications. After surgery the patient was taken to the post-anesthesia care unit where it was found that after the effects of the anesthesia should
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A heart attack‚ also known as a myocardial infarction‚ usually occurs when a blood clot forms inside a coronary artery at the site of an atherosclerotic plaque. The blood clot severely limits or completely cuts off blood flow to part of the heart. In a small percentage of cases‚ blood flow is cut off when the muscles in the artery wall contract suddenly‚ constricting the artery. This constriction‚ called vasospasm‚ can occur in an artery that is only slightly narrowed by atherosclerosis or even in
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Diagnosis: Heart Failure Defined: “An abnormal clinical condition involving impaired cardiac pumping that results in pathophysiologic changes in vasoconstriction and fluid retention” (Lewis‚ Heitkemper‚ Dirksen‚ O’Brien‚ Bucher‚ 2007‚ p. 821). Risk factors: Increasing age and coronary artery disease are the two main risk factors for heart failure. Heart failure may also develop by other contributing risk factors‚ such as cigarette smoking‚ diabetes‚ high cholesterol‚ obesity‚ and hypertension
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EKG Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise Jonathan Murdock March 5‚ 2013 March 19‚ 2013 (KIN 375) Purpose: In the United States‚ people suffer from heart problems every day. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)‚ every year about 935‚000 people in the United States suffer from a heart attack and about 600‚000 die from heart problems. Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG) provide important information concerning the electrical activity
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Sample Physiology MCQs 1. Compound action potentials can be graded responses. True 2. The sciatic nerve contains axons of both afferent and efferent neurones. True 3. The absolute refractory period of an action potential is the period after an initial stimulus when it is impossible to evoke another action potential with a second stimulus. True 4. The refractory periods of individual axons are important as they dictate the maximal action potential firing rate of a neuron. True 5. Compound action
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blood vessels that it includes. The first being a ventricular septal defect which is a hole between the right and left ventricles. Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract which is the valve and artery that connect to the heart with the lungs. Overriding aorta that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect instead of coming out only from the left ventricle. Lastly‚ the thickened wall of the right ventricle which is right ventricular hypertrophy (Schumacher‚ Arbor‚ Zieve‚ Black
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The graphs represent heart rate‚ ventricular systole and diastole‚ components of the EKG that was determined by the Electrocardiogram. A: Heart Rate Conditions Heart Rate (BPM) Mean (calculations) 1 2 3 1. Supine 60.12 59.35 59.70 59.72 2. Seated 75.38 77.62 75.66 76.22 3
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Shier‚ Butler‚ and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology‚ 10th ed. Chapter 15: Cardiovascular System Chapter 15: Cardiovascular System I. Introduction A. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. B. Without blood circulation‚ the tissues lack oxygen and nutrients and waste accumulates. II. Structure of the Heart A. Size and Location of the Heart 1. An average size of an adult heart
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