Lecture 2: Pricing by Arbitrage Readings: Ingersoll – Chapter 2 Dybvig & Ross – “Arbitrage‚” New Palgrave entry Ross – “A Simple Approach to the Valuation of Risky Streams‚” Journal of Business‚ 1978 Here we will take a first look at a financial market using a simple state space model. We first develop some structure then examine the implications of the absence of arbitrage. Often in finance problems‚ uncertainty is characterized by the use of a set of random variables with a particular
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Predatory pricing is a practice in which a company attempts to gain control of a market by cutting its prices to levels well below those of competitors‚ so that those competitors go out of business because they cannot match those prices‚ or they cannot sustain lowered prices because they lack capital. This tactic is illegal in many regions of the world‚ although it can be very difficult to prove that a company is really engaging in predatory pricing. Some economists have suggested that this practice
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History of Virgin Virgin Trains was born on 29th of November 1996 when it was awarded the Cross Country franchise following the privatisation of British Rail‚ the franchise will last until April 2012. Along with the Cross Country line‚ Virgin also won the West Coast franchise and took control on the 9th of March 1997‚ this franchise will end in March 2012. The West Coast line was the last but one of the franchises to be handed over to the private sector‚ all of which had been completed in less
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Transportation Cost & Pricing Transportation Cost & Pricing Compare and contrast the cost structures of rail‚ motor carriers‚ and air. When you compare the rail cost structure to that of the cost structures of the motor‚ and air carriers‚ you will see that the rail carriers have a high structure cost. “One of the characteristics of railroads as previously noted is the level of fixed costs present in their cost structures.” (Coyle‚ 2011) These fixed cost exists because the ownership of
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Virgin background Virgin is an international investment group that operates in over 34 countries and that employs around 50‚000 people in about 400 companies worldwide. Its product ranges from mobile services to travel‚ finance services‚ music and many many more. It was funded in 1970 by Sir Richard Branson who started the company by selling cut price records by post through his Virgin Mail Order business. The company expended really quickly and is now a well-recognized and trusted brand all around
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potential increase in sales for either company entering that market alone would be at least 40% (2000 units). If they both entered‚ the potential sales increase would be at least 20% for each of them. Unfortunately‚ reaching that market would require pricing at $8.50‚ 15% below current levels. (a) If either company could
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Market Structures and Pricing Strategies Kiona Thomas American Public University Econ600 Abstract The article analyzes the four main market structures‚ which are perfect competition‚ monopolistic competition‚ oligopoly and monopoly. It provides a detail description of the market‚ as well as explains the pricing strategy a firm would pursue in that particular market. The article also concludes with a real world example of Visa pricing strategy by examining it oligopoly market
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or services is worth to the customer. 2. Pricing decision is usually viewed as a way to recover cost‚ but we need to take the customer into the account/ consideration. The price could be higher than customers are willing to pay for that product. 3. The major factors affecting price are: a. Marketing Strategy b. Customer perceived Value c. Competition d. Cost 4. Role of Marketing Strategy in Pricing a. Price should be consistent with the pricing strategy. b. Target market decision affects
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Marketing Management Psychological Pricing Rodrigo Fernández-Romero. 20th March 2010. Psychological Pricing Many sellers believe that prices should end in an odd number (9‚99€) instead of 10€ as price. Why?. • • • Because consumers have the tendency of ignoring the last digits instead of doing the rounding. Although actually seeing the cents‚ they may subconsciously ignore them. Some suggest that this effect may be enhanced when the cents are printed smaller (for example‚ €19.99)
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Transformations in The Atlantic World When the exchange of people‚ plants‚ and animals began because of the Columbian exchange the new and old worlds underwent some serious change. Ideas‚ peoples‚ and goods were swapped between Western Europe‚ Africa‚ and the America through series of trade systems. The Atlantic trade system allowed more then just goods and slaves to be sent around all of the Atlantic world. The Columbian exchange and Atlantic trade system allowed both social and economic
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