occur at electrodes. Discharge the removal of electrons from negative ions to form atoms or the gain of electrons of positive ions to become atoms. Anode positive electrode connected to positive terminal of d.c. source. Oxidation occurs here. Anode loses negative charge as electrons flow towards the battery‚ leaving anode positively charged. This causes anion to discharge its electrons here to replace lost electrons and also‚ negative charge are attracted to positive
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of bonding which holds the atoms together in metal crystal. Valence electron: The electrons in the outer most energy level in an atom that takes part in chemical bonding are called valence electrons. Bonding electrons: The valence electrons actually involved in bond formation are called bonding electrons. Octet rule: In chemical bond formation‚ atoms interact- (i) by losing‚ (ii) by gaining or (iii) by sharing electrons to acquire a stable noble gas configuration. He
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Transition Metal: element of groups 3-12 * Energy level: a space with definite and fixed energy in which an electron is allowed to move * Orbit: circular/spherical path in which the electron can move around the nucleus * Electron Cloud: the region of an atom in which there is a probability that an electron exists * Quantum Mechanics: theory of the atom in which electrons are described in terms of their energies/probability patterns (model looks like smoke around a circle) * Principal
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Sample Paper – 2008 Class – Physics Class – XII Dual nature of matter Q.1. State the dependence of work function on kinetic energy of electrons emitted in a photocell. If the intensity of incident radiation is doubled‚ what changes occur in the stopping potential and photoelectric current? Q.2. How does the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons vary with the work function? Q.3. the frequency of incident radiation is greater than the threshold frequency in a photocell. How will
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CARBON CARBON MULTIPLE BOND PRESENTED BY: WASIQUE AZHAR MSC CHEM (2 SEM) Some basic concept Electrophile : a species with a region of positive or partial positive charge electron-poor Nucleophile: a species with a region of negative or partial negative charge electron-rich TO LERN OBJECTIVE : Elecrophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double bond Stereochemistry of Elecrophilic addition reaction Hydrogenation of double and triple bond Nucleophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double
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there are two types of bonds that may form between them: Ionic bonds result from a transfer of electrons from one species (usually a metal) to another (usually a nonmetal or polyatomic ion). Covalent bonds result from a sharing of electrons by two or more atoms (usually nonmetals). Lewis theory (Gilbert Newton Lewis‚ 1875-1946) focuses on the valence electrons‚ since the outermost electrons are the ones that are highest in energy and farthest from the nucleus‚ and are therefore the ones that
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Dense nucleus composed of neutrons (0 charge) and protons (+ charge) and surrounded by orbital electrons (- charge). Neutrons and protons firmly held in the nucleus while electrons are very loosely held and are easy to remove. When electrons are removed from the atom‚ two charged particles (ions) are produced the positively charged atom and the negative electron. Energy is absorbed to remove the electron from the atom. Atomic Notation Chemical symbols such as C for carbon‚ H for hydrogen‚ and
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400 BC Democritus: He hypothesized that all matter (plus space and time) is composed of tiny indestructible units‚ called atoms. Democritus performed no experiments. 1 .All matter consists of invisible particles called atoms. 2. Atoms are indestructible. 3. Atoms are solid but invisible. 4. Atoms are homogenous. 5. Atoms differ in size‚ shape‚ mass‚ position‚ and arrangement. ->Solids are made of small‚ pointy atoms. ->Liquids are made of large‚ round atoms. ->Oils are made of very fine
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THE VSEPR THEORY The VSEPR stands for ¡°Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion¡±‚ the theory is used for predicting the structure of molecules. The theory can be used in two main steps. First‚ the number of all bonding pairs and lone pairs is calculated‚ next‚ these pairs of electrons are rearranged in order to minimize the repulsion between them. Different number of bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons can form different structure. When there are only two bonding pairs around the central
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Experiment 3: Electronic structure‚ bonding and shape of some simple inorganic molecules. Introduction: In quantum chemistry‚ electronic structure is the state of motion of electrons in an electrostatic field created by stationary nuclei. The term encompass both the wave functions of the electrons and the energies associated with them. Electronic structure is obtained by solving quantum mechanical equations for the aforementioned clamped-nuclei problem. Electronic structure problem arise from the
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